Oligosaccharides as recognition signals for the expression of defensive genes in plants

Ryan, Clarence A.

doi:10.1021/bi00425a001

Cited by 133 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Interestingly, OGA initially was found to signal the induction of proteinase inhibitors several years ago (Ryan, 1988). Because the OGAs were not mobile, they were not considered further as systemic signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of OGA by PG results in the synthesis of H 2 O 2 , which then diffuses out of the vascular bundles to mesophyll cells, where it activates the expression of genes coding for proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase. Previous ultrastructural studies of tomato leaves have shown that proteinase inhibitors synthesized in response to wounding are sequestered in the central vacuoles of mesophyll cells (Shumway et al, 1976;Narváez-Vásquez et al, 1993).Interestingly, OGA initially was found to signal the induction of proteinase inhibitors several years ago (Ryan, 1988). Because the OGAs were not mobile, they were not considered further as systemic signals.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Peroxide Acts as a Second Messenger for the Induction of Defense Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate

2001

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The systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato leaves in response to wounding was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridine. The expression of several defense genes in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides, and methyl jasmonate also was inhibited by DPI. These genes, including those of four proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase, are expressed within 4 to 12 hr after wounding. However, DPI did not inhibit the wound-inducible expression of genes encoding prosystemin, lipoxygenase, and allene oxide synthase, which are associated with the octadecanoid signaling pathway and are expressed 0.5 to 2 hr after wounding. Accordingly, treatment of plants with the H 2 O 2 -generating enzyme glucose oxidase plus glucose resulted in the induction of only the later-expressed defensive genes and not the early-expressed signaling-related genes. H 2 O 2 was cytochemically detected in the cell walls of vascular parenchyma cells and spongy mesophyll cells within 4 hr after wounding of wild-type tomato leaves, but not earlier. The cumulative results suggest that active oxygen species are generated near cell walls of vascular bundle cells by oligogalacturonide fragments produced by wound-inducible polygalacturonase and that the resulting H 2 O 2 acts as a second messenger for the activation of defense genes in mesophyll cells. These data provide a rationale for the sequential, coordinated, and functional roles of systemin, jasmonic acid, oligogalacturonides, and H 2 O 2 signals for systemic signaling in tomato plants in response to wounding. INTRODUCTIONReactive oxygen species (ROS) are common components of the defense responses of plants against pathogen and herbivore attacks. Inoculation of plant tissues with pathogens or treatment of cell cultures with microbial elicitors causes an oxidative burst characterized by the rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ; reviewed by Low and Merida, 1996;Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Bolwell, 1999). Similarly, ROS are generated in plant tissues in response to wounding (Angelini et al., 1990; Bradley et al., 1992;Olson and Varner, 1993; Felton et al., 1994; Bi and Felton, 1995; OrozcoCárdenas and Ryan, 1999). Mechanical stimulation of isolated cells (Yahraus et al., 1995; Gus-Mayer et al., 1998) and the treatment of cell suspension cultures with plant cell wallderived oligogalacturonic acid (OGA; Legendre et al., 1993;Stennis et al., 1998) also generate H 2 O 2 accumulation. Woundinduced H 2 O 2 accumulation is observed both locally and systemically in leaves of several plant species, apparently caused by OGA that was released by a systemically woundinduced polygalacturonase (PG; Bergey et al., 1999; OrozcoCárdenas and Ryan, 1999).H 2 O 2 can act as a local signal for hypersensitive cell death and also as a diffusible signal for the induction of defensive genes in adjacent cells (Alvarez et al., 1998). For example, transgenic potato plants that overexpress a fungal gl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Peroxide Acts as a Second Messenger for the Induction of Defense Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate

2001

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“…The significance of CH release during imbibition is not known. In nature, these enzymes would be released into the soil where they could contact soil-borne fungi, possibly causing direct inhibition of mycelial growth or the release of chitin fragments that may act as signals to elicit other plant defense responses (23 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Barley Seed Chitinases and Release of Embryo-Associated Isoforms during Early Stages of Imbibition

Swegle¹,

Kramer²,

Muthukrishnan³

1992

Plant Physiol.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain at least five proteins with chitinase (CH) activity. Two of these (CH1 and CH2) are found primarily in the aleurone and endosperm tissues, and the other three (CH3, CH4, and CH5) are enriched in the embryo. From the bran fraction, three of these CHs (CH1, CH2, and CH3) were purified to apparent homogeneity. These three CHs have apparent molecular masses of 27, 34, and 35 kilodaltons and isoelectric points of 9.3, 9.2, and 8.7, respectively. CH2 and CH3 have amino terminal sequences resembling a portion of the chitin-binding domain of lectins and other plant defense proteins. CH 1 lacks this domain. All three CHs exhibit antifungal activity and inhibit the mycelial growth of some species of Trichoderma and Fusarium in vitro. During the early period of imbibition by seeds, two of the embryo-associated CHs are selectively released into the surrounding aqueous medium. CHs2 (EC 3.2.1.14) catalyze the hydrolysis of 1(1,4) linkages between N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranoside) residues in the linear homopolymer, chitin.

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“…For example some oligosaccharins, such as oligogalacturonids, act as elicitors and evoke pathogen defense responses. These defense responses include the accumulation of phytoalexins, proteinase inhibitors, lignin, peroxidase, lipoxygenase (LOX) and β-1, 3 glucanases (Ryan, 1988;Hahn et al, 1989;Ebel and Cosio, 1994). These bioactive, are relatively easy to produce and ready to face public acceptance because of their natural origin.…”

Section: Defense By Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense against biotic and abitic stresses

Chamandoosti¹

2017

Engineering Journal

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Oligosaccharides as recognition signals for the expression of defensive genes in plants

Cited by 133 publications

References 54 publications

Hydrogen Peroxide Acts as a Second Messenger for the Induction of Defense Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate

Hydrogen Peroxide Acts as a Second Messenger for the Induction of Defense Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate

Properties of Barley Seed Chitinases and Release of Embryo-Associated Isoforms during Early Stages of Imbibition

Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense against biotic and abitic stresses

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