Oligomerization of n‐Butenes in a Two‐Phase Reaction System with Homogeneous Ni/Al‐Catalysts

Abstract

The oligomerization of n-butenes in a two-phase catalyst system consisting of a Lewis acidic ionic liquid (IL) and a nonpolar phase is described. A highly active catalyst system with NiCl 2 (PMe 3 ) 2 was investigated, resulting in 91 % dimers with N-methylpyrrole as a buffer. The reaction was found to be dependent on the molar ratio of the IL to the catalyst. Additionally, the influence of the Lewis acid was investigated and AlCl 3 was determined as the most suitable for activating the nickel complex. The concentration of AlCl 3 played an important role in achieving high catalyst activity and dimer selectivity. Several reactions with different pyrrole derivatives demonstrated that the use of a buffer with low steric hindrance was also important with regard to increased dimer selectivity.

Nickel Catalyzed Olefin Oligomerization and Dimerization

“…The oligomerization of 1-butene in N -methylpyrrole-buffered ionic liquid ([BMI]­[Cl]/AlCl 3 /NMP) was later studied in more details. , Systematic investigations of IL/NMP/Ni­(PMe 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ratios demonstrated that NMP and IL concentrations are critical parameters. The molar ratio of the IL to N -methylpyrrole needs to be balanced at 1/10, since a high buffer concentration leads to catalyst blockage, whereas a low buffer concentration promotes the formation of higher oligomers.…”

“…Both activities and selectivities of homogeneous (PCy 3 ) 2 NiCl 2 -catalyzed propylene dimerization reactions with buffered AlCl 3 co-catalysts (Al/Ni=850, seem to correlate with this analysis. Catalyst precursor used for propylene dimerization in triphenylbismuth buffered Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquids The oligomerization of 1-butene in N-methylpyrrole-buffered ionic liquid ([BMI][Cl]/AlCl 3 /NMP) was later studied in more details 177,178. Systematic investigations of IL/NMP/Ni(PMe 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ratios demonstrated that NMP and IL concentrations are critical parameters.…”

Recycling and Oligomerization Activity of Ni/Al Catalyst in a Biphasic System with Ionic Liquids

“…The results obtained previously indicate that the addition of pure N ‐methylpyrrole leads to a decrease in catalyst activity due to a blockage of the nickel center 13. The addition of pure aluminum trichloride increased the oligomerization yield but resulted in decreased dimer selectivity.…”

“…In a previous paper 13, the authors investigated the oligomerization of n ‐butenes in a two‐phase system containing an IL as the solvent for the catalyst and a non‐polar phase as the solvent for the products. The goal was to identify a stable, recyclable catalyst system with high octene (C 8 ) selectivity.…”

Lessening coke formation and boosting gasoline yield by incorporating scrap tire pyrolysis oil in the cracking conditions of an FCC unit

“…In this context, the use of available and amortized refinery units (mainly fluid catalytic cracking, FCC, and hydroprocessing units) could contribute to intensify high-quality fuel production from these non-biodegradable wastes (Waste Refinery) [5,30]. FCC units and catalysts have shown an outstanding versatility to treat non-alternative feedstock, usually blended with vacuum gas oil (VGO) [31,32], such as, secondary refinery streams (naphtha, waxes, residues) [33][34][35][36][37], biomass-derived feeds (bio-oil, pyrolysis oil, vegetable oils and animal fats) [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], and plastic wastes [35,48,49]. The possibility of upgrading STPO alone and/or blended with VGO has been reported by several authors [29,50,51].…”