Oligomerization of Ethene In a Slurry Reactor Using a Nickel(II)-Exchanged Silica–Alumina Catalyst

New bifunctional Ni–H-Beta catalysts for the heterogeneous oligomerization of ethylene

“…In this respect, bifunctional solid catalysts comprising isolated nickel ions (thus mimicking the structure of the active site in the homogeneous systems) in ionexchangeable aluminosilicate matrices have been found active in the oligomerization of ethylene at moderate temperatures [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In these catalysts, Ni cations in ion exchanged positions are presumed to be responsible for the activation of ethylene and its oligomerization into linear oddnumbered C 4+ -olefins, typically following a Schulz-Flory distribution, through a coordination-insertion chemistry (so-called true oligomerization mechanism)…”

“…The most commonly studied acid carriers in Ni-based bifunctional ethylene oligomerization catalysts are amorphous SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 [3,4,12], Al-MCM-41 [5,6], and zeolites [7,8,9,10,11]. Thus, besides Ni sites, these catalysts do also typically bear Brønsted-type acidity due to protons associated to tetrahedral product.…”

Theoretical identification of structural heterogeneities of divalent nickel active sites in NiMCM-41 nanoporous catalysts

“…Later, the large and well-ordered cavities of the Ni-exchanged MCM-41 proved highly favorable for the oligomerization of olefins [23]. For instance, high productivities of oligomers were obtained over Ni-incorporated MCM-41 catalysts [17] being higher than those reported previously with silica-alumina supports [19]. The strong interactions of Ni 2? cations residing in the mesoporous cavities with the support framework made the reduction of the nickel ions difficult [17].…”

“…Nickel ions supported on different silica, silica-alumina, natural clay, and zeolite-type porous materials are wellknown catalysts for the selective dimerization [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and oligomerization [1,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] of olefins in both gas and liquid phases. The application of silica-supported nickel catalysts for the ethylene dimerization dates back to 1980s [20][21][22].…”

Covalent organic frameworks as supports for a molecular Ni based ethylene oligomerization catalyst for the synthesis of long chain olefins

“…In this spirit, significant amount of research on heterogeneous catalysts has been performed in the past few decades. Among those, nickel-exchanged zeolites [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], Ni-MCM and Ni-SBA catalysts [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], supported NiSO 4 [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], supported NiO [42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and nickel-exchanged silica-alumina [49][50][51][52][53]. The most active Niexchanged zeolite [17] and silica-alumina catalysts [51] show the formation of mainly C 4 -C 8 olefins, with high selectivity to butenes (circa 70%).…”