Oligocene shoshonitic rocks of the Rogozna Mts. (Central Balkan Peninsula): Evidence of petrogenetic links to the formation of Pb–Zn–Ag ore deposits

Šoštarić, Sibila Borojević; Cvetković, Vladica; Neubauer, Franz; Palinkaš, Ladislav; Bernroider, Manfred; Genser, Johann

doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.05.028

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Geochemical features (trachytic to trachydacitic composition; calc-alkaline character; Na 2 O/K 2 O < 1; high large-ion lithophile element to high field strength element ratios (LILE/HFSE); strong enrichment in K, Pb and U) as well as their K/Ar age (31-24 Ma) suggest that magmatic rocks associated with the Sasa deposit are a product of the calc-alkaline to shoshonitic post-collisional magmatism that affected the Balkan Peninsula during the Oligocene-Miocene period [21,23,[38][39][40][41]53], resulting in the formation of numerous magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits along the Vardar Zone and the Serbo-Macedonian Massif (Figure 1; [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]54]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Textural relations ( Figures 5, 8 and 9) indicate that pyroxenes were replaced by mixtures of hydrous silicates, carbonates, quartz and magnetite, reflecting an increase in water activity and oxygen and/or CO2 fugacities: * Calculated for standard conditions using thermodynamic data published by [59,60]. In contrast to the carbonate component of the host cipollino marble that was replaced by pyroxenes, grey mica has not been significantly affected by metasomatic processes during the prograde stage of the mineralization, probably due to the insufficient water activity and a relatively high K + /H + molar ratio: associated with the Sasa deposit are a product of the calc-alkaline to shoshonitic post-collisional magmatism that affected the Balkan Peninsula during the Oligocene-Miocene period [21,23,[38][39][40][41]53], resulting in the formation of numerous magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits along the Vardar Zone and the Serbo-Macedonian Massif (Figure 1; [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]54]). The paragenetic sequence (Figure 4) indicates that, during its formation, the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag deposit underwent three main stages similar to other known skarn deposits worldwide: (1) a stage of isochemical metamorphism; (2) an anhydrous prograde stage and (3) a retrograde/hydrothermal stage [1,55,56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Cretaceous to Tertiary period, the Serbo-Macedonian massif as well as the adjunct Vardar zone were affected by considerable magmatic activity related to the Alpine orogeny and post-collisional collapse of the Alpine orogen, followed by extension of the Pannonian (Miocene) and Aegean areas (Eocene-Pliocene) [21][22][23][24]. The magmatism had an intermediate, mostly andesitic to trachytic, character and resulted in the formation of numerous ore deposits including porphyry Cu-Mo-Au and subordinate epithermal gold deposits (e.g., Bor, Majdanpek and Veliki Krivelj in Serbia; Buchim and Borov Dol in Macedonia; Skouries [8,9,[25][26][27][28]) and Pb-Zn-Ag hydrothermal deposits (e.g., Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cer and Boranja in Serbia; Trepca, Crnac and Belo Brdo in Kosovo; Sasa, Toranica and Zletovo in Macedonia; Olympias in Greece; [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], Figure 1a).…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Fluids in the Formation of the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag Skarn Deposit, Republic of Macedonia

Palinkaš

Peltekovski²,

Tasev

et al. 2018

Geosciences

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The Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag deposit belongs to the group of distal base metal skarn deposits. The deposit is located within the Serbo-Macedonian massif, a metamorphosed crystalline terrain of Precambrian to Paleozoic age. The mineralization, hosted by Paleozoic marbles, shows a strong lithological control. It is spatially and temporally associated with the calc-alkaline to shoshonitic post-collisional magmatism that affected the Balkan Peninsula during the Oligocene–Miocene time period and resulted in the formation of numerous magmatic–hydrothermal ore deposits. The mineralization at the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag deposit shows many distinctive features typical for base metal skarn deposits including: (1) a carbonate lithology as the main immediate host of the mineralization; (2) a close spatial relation between the mineralization and magmatic bodies of an intermediate composition; (3) a presence of the prograde anhydrous Ca-Fe-Mg-Mn-silicate and the retrograde hydrous Ca-Fe-Mg-Mn ± Al-silicate mineral assemblages; (4) a deposition of base metal sulfides, predominately galena and sphalerite, during the hydrothermal stage; and (5) a post-ore stage characterized by the deposition of a large quantity of carbonates. The relatively simple, pyroxene-dominated, prograde mineralization at the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag skarn deposit represents a product of the infiltration-driven metasomatism which resulted from an interaction of magmatic fluids with the host marble. The prograde stage occurred under conditions of a low water activity, low oxygen, sulfur and CO2 fugacities and a high K+/H+ molar ratio. The minimum pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions were estimated at 30 MPa and 405 °C. Mineralizing fluids were moderately saline and low density Ca-Na-chloride bearing aqueous solutions. The transition from the prograde to the retrograde stage was triggered by cooling of the system below 400 °C and the resulting ductile-to-brittle transition. The brittle conditions promoted reactivation of old (pre-Tertiary) faults and allowed progressive infiltration of ground waters and therefore increased the water activity and oxygen fugacity. At the same time, the lithostatic to hydrostatic transition decreased the pressure and enabled a more efficient degassing of magmatic volatiles. The progressive contribution of magmatic CO2 has been recognized from the retrograde mineral paragenesis as well as from the isotopic composition of associated carbonates. The retrograde mineral assemblages, represented by amphiboles, epidote, chlorites, magnetite, pyrrhotite, quartz and carbonates, reflect conditions of high water activity, high oxygen and CO2 fugacities, a gradual increase in the sulfur fugacity and a low K+/H+ molar ratio. Infiltration fluids carried MgCl2 and had a slightly higher salinity compared to the prograde fluids. The maximum formation conditions for the retrograde stage are set at 375 °C and 200 MPa. The deposition of ore minerals, predominantly galena and sphalerite, occurred during the hydrothermal phase under a diminishing influence of magmatic CO2. The mixing of ore-bearing, Mg-Na-chloride or Fe2+-chloride, aqueous solutions with cold and diluted ground waters is the most plausible reason for the destabilization of metal–chloride complexes. However, neutralization of relatively acidic ore-bearing fluids during the interaction with the host lithology could have significantly contributed to the deposition. The post-ore, carbonate-dominated mineralization was deposited from diluted Ca-Na-Cl-bearing fluids of a near-neutral pH composition. The corresponding depositional temperature is estimated at below 300 °C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Fluids in the Formation of the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag Skarn Deposit, Republic of Macedonia

Palinkaš

Peltekovski²,

Tasev

et al. 2018

Geosciences

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“…Extensive studies about the magmatic lithologies within the metallogenic belt have demonstrated multi‐phase magmatism that produced a diversity of magmatic rocks throughout the belt (Cvetkovic et al ., ; Borojevic Sostaric et al ., ). Based on previous studies, two main stages can be outlined throughout the Cenozoic volcanic activity–emplacement of widespread cover of volcanoclastics and lava flows, and subsequent formation of quartz latitic to trachitic subvolcanic to extrusive rocks (Urosevic et al ., ; Borojevic Sostaric et al ., ).…”

Section: Geology Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Extensive studies about the magmatic lithologies within the metallogenic belt have demonstrated multi-phase magmatism that produced a diversity of magmatic rocks throughout the belt (Cvetkovic et al, 2004;Borojevic Sostaric et al, 2011). Based on previous studies, two main stages can be outlined throughout the Cenozoic volcanic activityemplacement of widespread cover of volcanoclastics and lava flows, and subsequent formation of quartz latitic to trachitic subvolcanic to extrusive rocks (Urosevic et al, 1973;Borojevic Sostaric et al, 2012). The metallogeny of SMMMB is related to the same Cenozoic magmatism, with the deposits being commonly related to Oligocene-Miocene magmatic activity and in some cases to Pliocene or even Tertiary magmatism (Harkovska et al, 1998;Neubauer, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper–Gold Skarn Mineralization at the Karavansalija Ore Zone, Rogozna Mountain, Southwestern Serbia

et al. 2015

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Karavansalija ore zone is situated in the Serbian part of the Serbo‐Macedonian magmatic and metallogenic belt. The Cu–Au mineralization is hosted mainly by garnet–pyroxene–epidote skarns and shifts to lesser presence towards the nearby quartz–epidotized rocks and the overlying volcanic tuffs. Within the epidosites the sulfide mineralogy is represented by disseminated cobalt‐nickel sulfides from the gersdorfite‐krutovite mineral series and cobaltite, and pyrite–marcasite–chalcopyrite–base metal aggregates. The skarn sulfide mineralization is characterized by chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, bismuth‐phases (bismuthinite and cosalite), arsenopyrite, gersdorffite, and sphalerite. The sulfides can be observed in several types of massive aggregates, depending on the predominant sulfide phases: pyrrhotite‐chalcopyrite aggregates with lesser amount of arsenopyrite and traces of sphalerite, arsenopyrite–bismuthinite–cosalite aggregates with subordinate sphalerite and sphalerite veins with bismuthinite, pyrite and arsenopyrite. In the overlying volcanoclastics, the studied sulfide mineralization is represented mainly by arsenopyrite aggregates with subordinate amounts of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Gold is present rarely as visible aggregate of native gold and also as invisible element included in arsenopyrite. The fluid inclusion microthermometry data suggest homogenization temperature in the range of roughly 150–400°C. Salinities vary in the ranges of 0.5–8.5 wt% NaCl eq for two‐phase low density fluid inclusions and 15–41 wt% NaCl eq for two‐phase high‐salinity and three‐phase high‐salinity fluid inclusions. The broad range of salinity values and the different types of fluid inclusions co‐existing in the same crystals suggest that at least two fluids with different salinities contributed to the formation of the Cu–Au mineralization. Geothermometry, based on EPMA data of arsenopyrite co‐existing with pyrite and pyrrhotite, suggests a temperature range of 240–360°C for the formation of the arsenopyrite, which overlaps well with the data for the formation temperature obtained through fluid inclusion microthermometry. The sulfur isotope data on arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and marcasite from the different sulfide assemblages (ranging from 0.4‰ to +3.9‰ δ34SCDT with average of 2.29 δ34SCDT and standard deviation of 1.34 δ34SCDT) indicates a magmatic source of sulfur for all of the investigated phases. The narrow range of the data points to a common source for all of the investigated sulfides, regardless of the host rock and the paragenesis. The sulfur isotope data shows good overlap with that from nearby base‐metal deposits; therefore the Cu–Au mineralization and the emblematic base‐metal sulfide mineralization from this metallogenic belt likely share same fluid source.

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The Miocene Western Balkan lithium-boron metallogenic zone

Šoštarić

Brenko²

2022

Miner Deposita

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Oligocene shoshonitic rocks of the Rogozna Mts. (Central Balkan Peninsula): Evidence of petrogenetic links to the formation of Pb–Zn–Ag ore deposits

Cited by 23 publications

References 52 publications

The Role of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Fluids in the Formation of the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag Skarn Deposit, Republic of Macedonia

The Role of Magmatic and Hydrothermal Fluids in the Formation of the Sasa Pb-Zn-Ag Skarn Deposit, Republic of Macedonia

Copper–Gold Skarn Mineralization at the Karavansalija Ore Zone, Rogozna Mountain, Southwestern Serbia

The Miocene Western Balkan lithium-boron metallogenic zone

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