Olfactory loss in multiple sclerosis

Zivadinov, Robert; Zorzon, Marino; Bragadin, L. Monti; Pagliaro, Giuseppe; Cazzato, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00189-6

Cited by 73 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The frequency of olfactory alteration in MS patients was 32%, which is consistent with other findings in the literature, for example, the studies of Hawkes (15%), Zivadinov (22%) and Doty (32.5%) 8,9,10 . The sense of smell is very important to the safety and quality of life.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…When analyzing the results, a patient with EDSS above 4 had 5.2 times the increased risk of olfactory alteration, which is consistent with other studies. Caminiti et al 7 and Silva et al 6 showed that olfactory dysfunction was correlated with higher EDSS scores, and a longer duration of disease, corroborating previous studies in which the olfactory dysfunction correlates directly to the level of disability 8,9,11,17 . Considering the relationship between the time of diagnosis and olfactory alteration, this study showed that patients with an abnormal test had a longer duration since diagnosis (p = 0.031), an average of 119 months, and that the older the patient, the greater the risk of olfactory alteration, as described by Silva et al 6 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Some studies have shown that it is related to lesions in the olfactory regions in the brain (inferior frontal and temporal lobe) 6 . Studies that investigated the olfactory function in MS patients showed a hyposmia of 15% according to Hawkes and Shepard 8 ; according to Zivadinov et al 9 it was 22%, and according to Doty's study, 38.5% compared to control groups 10 . The reduction of olfactory function can improve during remission periods and worsen during relapses 6 .…”

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confidence: 93%

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Olfactory alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis

Jordy

Starzewski

Macedo

et al. 2016

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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This cross-sectional study involves 100 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 100 non-MS patients, under the age of 60 years old, with nasal obstruction, traumatic brain injury, previous rhinoplasty or neurosurgery, and so forth. Objective To assess olfactory function using the Connecticut test and verify correlations between olfactory alteration, disease duration and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Methods One hundred MS patients and 100 healthy control patients responded to a questionnaire. Those with olfactory alteration underwent a facial CT to exclude other causes. Results Thirty-two percent of patients showed alterations, compared with 3% in the healthy control group. Patients having EDSS above 4, showed a 5.2-times increased risk of dysfunction. Patients over 38 years of age have a 2.2-times increased risk over younger patients. Conclusions Because MS patients are likely to experience olfactory alterations, this study is a useful tool in follow-up care, although more studies are necessary to evaluate the correlations in MS evolution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 93%

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Olfactory alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis

Jordy

Starzewski

Macedo

et al. 2016

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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“…Interestingly, olfactory dysfunction occurs during MS (51) and is characterized by defective odor identification, although odor the detection threshold appears preserved (18), as seen in tEAE mice. So far, defective olfaction during MS has been attributed to inflammatory lesion load within frontal/temporal regions (18,52), although relative olfactory tract sparing has been reported previously (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation-induced subventricular zone dysfunction leads to olfactory deficits in a targeted mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Tepavčević

Lazarini²,

Alfaro-Cervelló

et al. 2011

J. Clin. Invest.

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Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in defined brain niches, including the subventricular zone (SVZ), throughout adulthood and generate new neurons destined to support specific neurological functions. Whether brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with changes in adult NSCs and whether this might contribute to the development and/or persistence of neurological deficits remains poorly investigated. We examined SVZ function in mice in which we targeted an MS-like pathology to the forebrain. In these mice, which we refer to herein as targeted EAE (tEAE) mice, there was a reduction in the number of neuroblasts compared with control mice. Altered expression of the transcription factors Olig2 and Dlx2 in the tEAE SVZ niche was associated with amplification of pro-oligodendrogenic transit-amplifying cells and decreased neuroblast generation, which resulted in persistent reduction in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Altered SVZ neurogenesis led to impaired long-term olfactory memory, mimicking the olfactory dysfunction observed in MS patients. Importantly, we also found that neurogenesis was reduced in the SVZ of MS patients compared with controls. Thus, our findings suggest that neuroinflammation induces functional alteration of adult NSCs that may contribute to olfactory dysfunction in MS patients.

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“…In addition, not only depression but a whole list of neurological diseases [68], Alzheimer's disease [69], and multiple sclerosis [70] causes taste and smell disturbances in human patients. In our experiments, we could observe a decrease in vanillin/sucrose solution intake by aggressive males who had won many fights and whose behavior was utterly devoid of any sign of depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anhedonia in the Shadow of Chronic Social Defeat Stress, or when the Experimental Context Matters

Bondar

Kovalenko²,

Августинович³

et al. 2009

TOBSJ

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One of the core symptoms of major depression in human is anhedonia. For that reason, one of the main requirements towards experimental depression models is that they be able to demonstrate anhedonia in animals, that have been exposed to stressful events, and other behavioral changes attributable to a depression-like state. However, the results presented in the literature are contradictory: sweet solution intake, which is considered as a parameter of hedonic/anhedonic behavior in animals, responds quite differently to stressful situations in that it is either unaffected or increased or decreased. Different experimental designs used for the study of anhedonia in male mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress were tried to understand the reasons for so contradictory responses. Anhedonia appears as an abrupt reduction in sweet solution consumption in stressed animals and by failure to attain recovery after deprivation. However, it was also demonstrated that sucrose solution intake and preference strongly depend on the experimental context; that the possible critical factor may be prior acquaintance with the hedonic stimulus -or the lack whereof. Analysis of literature data and ours allowed us to conclude that the lack of a significant decrease in sweet solution intake in stressed animals is no evidence of lack of depression. This decrease is evidence of anhedonia only provided other symptoms of depression are present. Hedonic consumable intake can be decreased over various motivations, conditions or diseases, in particular, a high level of anxiety or pathological aggression.

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Olfactory loss in multiple sclerosis

Cited by 73 publications

References 25 publications

Olfactory alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis

Olfactory alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis

Inflammation-induced subventricular zone dysfunction leads to olfactory deficits in a targeted mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Anhedonia in the Shadow of Chronic Social Defeat Stress, or when the Experimental Context Matters

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