Olfactory Loss and Beyond: A Practical Review of Chemosensory Dysfunction

Claus, Lauren; Leland, Evelyn M.; Tai, Katherine Y; Schlosser, Rodney J.; Kamath, Vidyulata; Lane, Andrew P.; Rowan, Nicholas R.

doi:10.3122/jabfm.2022.02.210373

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Chemosensory function such as olfaction and gustation tend to be underrecognized although they are critical contributors to overall health and quality of life specifically impacting patients’ nutritional status and psychological well-being [ 15 ]. We found that subjective recognition of gustatory dysfunction did not correlate with objectively diagnosed gustatory dysfunction, and we suggest that gustatory function testing should be considered regardless of symptoms, especially for older men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that olfactory dysfunction leading to a perceived gustatory impairment is common due to the complex interaction of chemosenses [ 15 ]. In contrast to our expectations, however, the presence of objectively diagnosed olfactory dysfunction was not significantly associated with the presence of objectively diagnosed gustatory dysfunction (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gustatory dysfunction perceptions versus objective gustatory dysfunction among older adults

2023

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Background Research on gustatory dysfunction among older adults has been scarce relative to research on olfactory dysfunction, and the relationship between subjective and objective gustatory dysfunction has not been studied in detail. We aimed to evaluate whether subjective recognition of gustatory dysfunction correlates with objective diagnosis of gustatory dysfunction among older adults. Methods In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we reviewed the medical records of 138 patients of ages ≥ 60 years for whom data were available on self-reported and objectively measured gustatory and olfactory function from January 2018 through April 2021 at a specialized smell/taste center of a single institution. We reviewed self-reported and measured outcomes of gustatory and olfactory function using patient data including clinical characteristics, including age, sex, smoking history, and medical history. Results We found that the subjective recognition of gustatory dysfunction does not correlate with the objective diagnosis of gustatory dysfunction based on the measured results of gustatory function tests. Subjective gustatory dysfunction, however, was correlated with subjective olfactory dysfunction. Among clinical and demographic characteristics, age and sex were significantly associated with measured gustatory function outcomes. Conclusion We suggest that subjective gustatory dysfunction underestimates objective dysfunction and recommend that older men with diminished olfactory function undergo gustatory function testing regardless of their self-reported gustatory function status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gustatory dysfunction perceptions versus objective gustatory dysfunction among older adults

2023

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“…Furthermore, deficits can further be classified into transport dysfunction, in which stimuli cannot contact gustatory receptors, such as candidiasis or xerostomia, and sensory dysfunction when the gustatory neuroepithelium or peripheral and central nervous system are damaged. GD impacts approximately 17.3% of Americans, though accuracy of prevalence is limited by the complex interaction of olfaction and gustation 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other than OD, the most common causes of GD include prior upper respiratory infection, traumatic head injury, drug use, iatrogenic injury, and idiopathic causes. Issues of mastication, poor dentition, and poor salivary production further contribute to GD 5 . Although recent literature has suggested a link between impaired taste and cognitive decline, the volume of such literature is sparse and limited by small sample sizes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GD impacts approximately 17.3% of Americans, though accuracy of prevalence is limited by the complex interaction of olfaction and gustation. 5 Previous studies have shown that taste threshold sensitivity declines with age; however, the magnitude of decline and which taste qualities are affected is still poorly understood. 6 Decreased taste may result in appetite suppression resulting in weight loss, malnutrition, and deterioration in medical comorbidities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association of gustatory dysfunction, olfactory dysfunction, and cognition in older adults

Mattos

Hasan

Schlosser

et al. 2023

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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BackgroundThe association of gustatory dysfunction (GD) with quality of life (QOL) and cognition in older adults is understudied. Our objective was to study the prevalence of GD in the community and explore impacts and associated factors.MethodsA prospective, multi‐institutional, pre‐corona virus disease (COVID) cohort of adults aged 50 years and older had smell and taste testing using “Sniffin’ Sticks” (TDI) and “Taste Strips.” The impact of GD on mood, QOL, and social interaction was assessed through visual analog scales. Subjects completed the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the DeJong scale of loneliness.ResultsA total of 48 patients, average age of 54.7 years, were enrolled. Thirty‐two percent experienced GD on taste strips, and 62% experienced olfactory dysfunction (OD) on TDI. Almost 30% (29.5%) had both GD and OD. GD and OD correlated with worsened cognitive function on MMSE (r = 0.392 and 0.05, p = 0.018 and 0.003). Subjects with both GD and OD had worse MMSE than either alone (p = 0.003). Dry mouth and difficult chewing correlated with GD (r = −0.37 and −0.31, p = 0.10 and 0.37). Self‐reported GD and OD were correlated (r = 0.46, p = 0.001), as were psychophysical GD and OD (r = 0.394, p = 0.008). GD did not correlate with other metrics.ConclusionThirty‐two percent of subjects experienced GD on psychophysical testing, yet most are unaware without impacts on daily life. However, GD correlates with worsened cognitive function. Taste testing may play a role in screening of neurocognitive decline, and multisensory dysfunction may indicate of worsened cognitive states.

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