Olfactory Function in Healthy Children: Normative Data for Odor Identification

Spronsen, Erik van; Ebbens, Fenna A.; Fokkens, Wytske J.

doi:10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3865

Cited by 29 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore it was not possible to study any effects of interval lengths on the outcome of the reliability. In line with previous findings the BMI (BMI-Z-score) of children had no effect on the odor identification performance [8]. It has to be considered that in our study only four children had a BMI-Z-score of ±2 from the mean.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Thus, it is plausible that a 14-item odor identification test exhibits similar qualities. Whether women outperform men in odor identification tests has been controversially debated [3], [8]. In line with previous studies no sex difference was found in the current study in odor identification scores [3], [16], [18], [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…We were able to show that the “Sniffin' Kids” test is able to discriminate between normosmia and impaired olfactory function by including congenital anosmic children in the study. Interestingly, none of the above mentioned odor identification tests for children have been validated this way [8], [14]–[18]. In our study all congenital ansomic children scored below the 10 th percentile on the “Sniffin' Kids” test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…The first two tests are not commonly used in Europe and the later tests are not commercially available. The shorter 12-item “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test was evaluated in children in a Dutch population [8]. In our study we used the same odor presentation method – the “Sniffin' Sticks”.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few studies have been conducted in Europe addressing this issue. The short version of the “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test was evaluated in Dutch children between the age of 6 and 11 years [8]. To our knowledge this test was not evaluated in other countries for children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

et al. 2014

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Tools for measuring olfactory function in adults have been well established. Although studies have shown that olfactory impairment in children may occur as a consequence of a number of diseases or head trauma, until today no consensus on how to evaluate the sense of smell in children exists in Europe. Aim of the study was to develop a modified “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test, the “Sniffin' Kids” test for the use in children. In this study 537 children between 6-17 years of age were included. Fourteen odors, which were identified at a high rate by children, were selected from the “Sniffin' Sticks” 16-item odor identification test. Normative date for the 14-item “Sniffin' Kids” odor identification test was obtained. The test was validated by including a group of congenital anosmic children. Results show that the “Sniffin' Kids” test is able to discriminate between normosmia and anosmia with a cutoff value of >7 points on the odor identification test. In addition the test-retest reliability was investigated in a group of 31 healthy children and shown to be ρ = 0.44. With the 14-item odor identification “Sniffin' Kids” test we present a valid and reliable test for measuring olfactory function in children between ages 6–17 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%