Olfactory Ensheathing Glia: Drivers of Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System?

Moreno-Flores, María Teresa; Díaz‐Nido, Javier; Ávila, Jesús

doi:10.1155/s1110724302000372

Cited by 45 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…and West, 2002;Moreno-Flores et al, 2002;Chung et al, 2004). Our functional genomic study supports this hypothesis and goes one step further, for the first time identifying candidate genes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Moreover, it is thought that OECs are important in permitting the continuous growth and synaptogenesis of olfactory receptor axons in the CNS (Doucette, 1990). In the light of this, OECs have become one of the main candidates for cell transplantation in rodent models of spinal cord injury (Moreno-Flores et al, 2002;. Indeed, their axon outgrowthpromoting properties have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models of axonal CNS injury (Chuah and West, 2002;MorenoFlores et al, 2002;Wewetzer et al, 2002;Boyd et al, 2003;Barnett and Chang, 2004;Raisman, 2004;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems likely that their influence on regeneration will depend on the orchestrated activity of secreted factors, membrane-bound molecules, and extracellular matrix components. The cooperation of these factors will first promote the survival of axotomized neurons and then aid them to regenerate their axons (Moreno-Flores et al, 2002;Chung et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genes Associated with Adult Axon Regeneration Promoted by Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A New Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

et al. 2006

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The molecular mechanisms used by olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to promote repair in the damaged adult mammalian CNS remain unknown. Thus, we used microarrays to analyze three OEC populations with different capacities to promote axonal regeneration in cultured rat retinal neurons. Gene expression in "long-term cultured OECs" that do not stimulate adult axonal outgrowth was compared with that of "primary olfactory ensheathing cells" and the immortalized OEC cell line TEG3. In this way, we identified a number of candidate genes that might play a role in promoting adult axonal regeneration. Among these genes, it was striking that both the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and an inhibitor of this protease were represented. The disruption of MMP2 activity in TEG3 cells impaired their capacity to trigger axon regeneration in cultured adult retinal neurons. Furthermore, the MMP2 protein was detected in grafts of OECs that elicited robust axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord of adult rats in vivo. These data suggest that MMP2 does indeed participate in adult axonal regeneration induced by OECs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genes Associated with Adult Axon Regeneration Promoted by Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A New Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

et al. 2006

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“…They also have the advantage of being able to migrate into the surrounding tissues. [61][62][63][64] ESC have also been shown to have the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate naked axons in culture. The outcome in animal models of SCI is improved by the use of suitable polymer scaffolds within the lesion site designed to provide a framework for the regenerating axons.…”

Section: Stem Cell Experiments On Animal Models Of Neurological Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathology: the foundation for new treatments in spinal cord injury

2004

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The first step essential in the search for a cure of human spinal cord injury (SCI) is to appreciate the complexity of the disorder. In this regard, it is not only the loss of ambulation but the sensory and autonomic changes that are equally important in recovery. In addition, there are the serious social emotional psychological and lifestyle effects of SCI which should also be taken into account. It is also true that no two SCI lesions are alike as each is the result of a SCI unique to that individual. Clinically of utmost importance is the segmental level of injury and whether it is complete, incomplete or discomplete (loss of all neurological functions below the injury but with physiological or anatomical continuity of Central nervous system tracts across the lesion). We are not concerned here with primary and secondary prevention or methods designed to limit the severity of the lesion after the event, important as they are, but with the requirements for a cure. Clearly, the greater the number of nerve fibers that can be preserved in the acute stage, the better will be the end result. Our focus at present is on the end-stage lesion with the aim of showing that a cure for SCI will depend upon establishing functionally useful central axonal regeneration and reestablishing physiological reconnections. Existing experimental methods are based on stimulating axonal regeneration by neutralizing inhibitory factors, adding positive trophisms and creating a permissive environment. Better results are obtained by bridging the gap with grafts of peripheral nerves or transplants of Schwann cells and genetically engineered fibroblasts. Recently, the potential for stem cells to enhance this process has created great interest. This is because of the ability of pluripotential cells to differentiate into neural tissue. A cure based on the physiopathology of SCI requires pyramidal, extrapyramidal, sensory, cerebellar and autonomic pathways to be regenerated with their appropriate neurotransmitters restored and reflexes integrated physiologically and in synchrony. In human SCI, there is a very long distance anatomically for axonal regrowth to occur in order to reach their relevant nuclei. This is because of continuing Wallerian degeneration. It also presumes that the target neurons are intact and that there has been no transneuronal degeneration above or below the lesion. Alternatively, in place of regenerated long axons, a multisynaptic pathway may be constructed from stem cells that have developed into neurons. Whether such a pathway would restore useful neurological functions is unknown. At present, the transplant and grafting research teams are exploring these possibilities in experimental animals. Moderate success in gaining axonal regeneration has been reported; however, it must be appreciated that the human lesion differs considerably from that of the experimental animal. In order to be successful, the neuropathology and neurophysiology of human SCI must be taken into account. The purpose of this review is to place the req...

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“…A variety of purification methods have been implemented, including the sorting of cells based on their expression of different molecules, such as sulfatide O4, and not expressing others, like galactocerebroside 20 , immunopurification techniques, selection of positive cells for different receptors, and methods based on differential adhesion of OECs. It was demonstrated that OECs are very heterogeneous regarding their morphology and markers expressed in culture, also after purification 21,22,23 .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Olfactory Ensheating Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of olfactory ensheating cells in regenerative medicine: review of the literature

Grosu-Bularda

Manea

Lascăr

2015

Romanian Journal of Rhinology

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Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) join olfactory axons in their entrance to the central nervous system, representing a unique population of glial cells with functions in olfactory neurogenesis, axonal growth and olfactory bulb formation. Olfactory ensheathing cells have a great potential to induce repair for neural injuries, in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, existing numerous experimental and clinical studies lately, reporting beneficial effects in anatomical and functional recovery. Studies are also conducted in order to establish possible pro-regenerative effects of the OECs, their potential in tissue repair and ability to modulate the immune system. The aim of this paper was to review the properties of olfactory ensheathing cells and their potential therapeutic role in regenerative medicine.

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Olfactory Ensheathing Glia: Drivers of Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System?

Cited by 45 publications

References 44 publications

Genes Associated with Adult Axon Regeneration Promoted by Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A New Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

Genes Associated with Adult Axon Regeneration Promoted by Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A New Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

Neuropathology: the foundation for new treatments in spinal cord injury

The role of olfactory ensheating cells in regenerative medicine: review of the literature

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