Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Mild COVID-19 During Gamma, Delta, and Omicron Waves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cardoso, Cynthia Chester; Rossi, Átila Duque; Galliez, Rafael Mello; Faffe, Débora S.; Tanuri, Amílcar; Castiñeiras, Terezinha Marta Pereira Pinto

doi:10.1001/jama.2022.11006

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Anosmia rates are lower among patients infected by the Gamma and Omicron strains than the original strain. Besides that, no differences were observed between the original strain and the Delta variant ( Cardoso et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Negative correlation between ACE2 gene expression levels and loss of taste in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: New clues to long-term cognitive disorders

Braga-Paz

Araújo²,

Alves³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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In early 2020, one of the most prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection was the loss of smell (anosmia), found in 60-70% of all cases. Anosmia used to occur early, concomitantly with other symptoms, and often persisted after recovery for an extended period, sometimes for months. In addition to smell disturbance, COVID-19 has also been associated with loss of taste (ageusia). The latest research suggests that SARS-CoV-2 could spread from the respiratory system to the brain through receptors in sustentacular cells localized to the olfactory epithelium. The virus invades human cells via the obligatory receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), and a priming protease, TMPRSS2, facilitating viral penetration. There is an abundant expression of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in sustentacular cells. In this study, we evaluated 102 COVID-19 hospitalized patients, of which 17.60% presented anosmia and 9.80% ageusia. ACE1, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 gene expression levels in nasopharyngeal tissue were obtained by RT-qPCR and measured using ΔCT analysis. ACE1 Alu287bp association was also evaluated. Logistic regression models were generated to estimate the effects of variables on ageusia and anosmia Association of ACE2 expression levels with ageusia. was observed (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.098-1.775); however, no association was observed between TMPRSS2 and ACE1 expression levels and ageusia. No association was observed among the three genes and anosmia, and the Alu287bp polymorphism was not associated with any of the outcomes. Lastly, we discuss whetherthere is a bridge linking these initial symptoms, including molecular factors, to long-term COVID-19 health consequences such as cognitive dysfunctions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Negative correlation between ACE2 gene expression levels and loss of taste in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: New clues to long-term cognitive disorders

Braga-Paz

Araújo²,

Alves³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…On the other hand, we emphasize that this study was developed during the outbreak of the first wave of COVID-19, which limits the results and conclusions derived to the first variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this sense, there is heterogeneity in the groups of patients studied in the literature, which cover different pandemic periods including the Gamma, Delta, and Omicron waves [ 62 ]. Prevalence studies over the different pandemic periods are needed in order to better quantify and compare the actual prevalence of chemosensory disorders caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as to better understand and assess the evolution and long-term effects of COVID-19 infection in smell and taste disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients

Callejón-Leblic

Martín-Jiménez

Moreno‐Luna

et al. 2022

Life

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Background: Although smell and taste disorders are highly prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 infection, the predictive factors leading to long-lasting chemosensory dysfunction are still poorly understood. Methods: 102 out of 421 (24.2%) mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients completed a second questionnaire about the evolution of their symptoms one year after the infection using visual analog scales (VAS). A subgroup of 69 patients also underwent psychophysical evaluation of olfactory function through UPSIT. Results: The prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction decreased from 82.4% to 45.1% after 12 months, with 46.1% of patients reporting a complete recovery. Patients older than 40 years (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: [0.07, 0.56]) and with a duration of loss of smell longer than four weeks saw a lower odds ratio for recovery (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: [0.10, 0.76]). In addition, 28 patients (35.9%) reported suffering from parosmia, which was associated with moderate to severe taste dysfunction at the baseline (OR = 7.80; 95% CI: [1.70, 35.8]). Among the 69 subjects who underwent the UPSIT, 57 (82.6%) presented some degree of smell dysfunction, showing a moderate correlation with self-reported VAS (r = −0.36, p = 0.0027). Conclusion: A clinically relevant number of subjects reported persistent chemosensory dysfunction and parosmia one year after COVID-19 infection, with a moderate correlation with psychophysical olfactory tests.

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“…Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 variants have been found with different ability to cause chemosensory disorders. Individuals with mild COVID-19 infection during the Gamma and Omicron waves had a lower risk of reporting OD than individuals infected during the period of the original lineages [ 39 ]. Thus, different SARS-CoV-2 variants can lead to different clinical courses of OD and GD (Fig.…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Persistent Od and Gd After Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders

Liao

Deng

Zeng

et al. 2022

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Purpose of Review A number of sequelae after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The chemosensory disorders including olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are two of the commonest symptoms complained by patients with COVID-19. Although chemosensory function has been reported improved in over 60% of COVID-19 patients in a short time after acute infection, it may last as a major symptom for patients with long COVID-19. This narrative review discussed current literatures on OD and GD in long COVID-19 including the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, and potential therapies. Recent Findings Although the prevalence of OD and GD has declined continuously after acute COVID-19, a considerable number of patients had persistent chemosensory disorders 3 months to 2 years after symptom onset. Female gender, initial severity of dysfunction, nasal congestion, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified as risk factors for persistent OD and GD in long COVID-19. The pathogenesis of OD and GD in long COVID-19 remains unknown, but may be analogous to the persistent OD and GD post common respiratory viral infection. Corticosteroids and olfactory training might be a potential choice regarding the treatment of lasting OD and GD after SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, more studies are needed to prove it. Summary OD and GD are common long-term consequences of COVID-19 and influenced by gender, initial severity of dysfunction, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants. More studies are needed to illustrate their pathogenesis and to establish therapeutic strategies.

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Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Mild COVID-19 During Gamma, Delta, and Omicron Waves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract: Author Contributions: Drs Cardoso and Castiñeiras had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Cited by 26 publications

References 6 publications

Negative correlation between ACE2 gene expression levels and loss of taste in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: New clues to long-term cognitive disorders

Negative correlation between ACE2 gene expression levels and loss of taste in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: New clues to long-term cognitive disorders

Analysis of Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Long-Lasting Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients

Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders

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