Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor versus tremor dominant Parkinson disease

Elhassanien, Mahmoud Ebrahim Mostafa; Bahnasy, Wafik Said; El-Heneedy, Yasser Abo Elfotoh; Kishk, Ahmed Mustafa; Tomoum, Mohamed Osama; Ramadan, Kareem Mohammed

doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106352

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Because of its early appearance, high prevalence and easy and inexpensive assessment, olfactory dysfunction in PD could be a good early biomarker for PD. In addition, the measurement of olfactory deficits has great potential for augmenting diagnostic accuracy and distinguishing idiopathic PD from other diseases such as essential tremor, parkinsonism-associated tauopathies, atypical parkinsonian syndromes, and drug-induced parkinsonism at early stages of the disease (Ponsen et al 2004 ; Baba et al 2011 ; Doty 2012 ; Elhassanien et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Olfactory Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the pathology of prodromal non-motor symptoms olfactory deficit and depression in Parkinson’s disease: clues to early diagnosis and effective treatment

2021

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by movement dysfunction due to selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Non-motor symptoms of PD (e.g., sensory dysfunction, sleep disturbance, constipation, neuropsychiatric symptoms) precede motor symptoms, appear at all stages, and impact the quality of life, but they frequently go unrecognized and remain untreated. Even when identified, traditional dopamine replacement therapies have little effect. We discuss here the pathology of two PD-associated non-motor symptoms: olfactory dysfunction and depression. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor symptoms in PD and predates the onset of motor symptoms. It is accompanied by early deposition of Lewy pathology and neurotransmitter alterations. Because of the correlation between olfactory dysfunction and an increased risk of progression to PD, olfactory testing can potentially be a specific diagnostic marker of PD in the prodromal stage. Depression is a prevalent PD-associated symptom and is often associated with reduced quality of life. Although the pathophysiology of depression in PD is unclear, studies suggest a causal relationship with abnormal neurotransmission and abnormal adult neurogenesis. Here, we summarize recent progress in the pathology of the non-motor symptoms of PD, aiming to provide better guidance for its effective management.

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Section: Olfactory Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the pathology of prodromal non-motor symptoms olfactory deficit and depression in Parkinson’s disease: clues to early diagnosis and effective treatment

2021

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“…Moreover, the group of patients with ODs developed a freeze of gait more frequently during their follow-up. In the study by Elhassanien et al [ 32 ], a significant deterioration of all olfactory domains and a decrease in olfactory bulbs were observed in patients with TDPD in comparison with those with PD and healthy controls. Trentin et al [ 33 ] reported lower threshold, discrimination, and identification index (TDI) scores in PD patients, suggesting the greater predictive power of this index measure compared with smell identification and discrimination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In PD, most of the studies reviewed described greater smell dysfunction in ND patients than in controls, thus suggesting olfactory impairment as a disease’s risk factor [ 17 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The mean prevalence of olfactory impairment in PD was 83.8 ± 14.5 across eleven studies, with some of them reporting a negative correlation between olfactometry outcomes and disease impairment [ 28 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such impairment was observed in cognition, attention, and motor symptoms, as well as in function and structure assessed with DaT-SPECT. PD patients also exhibited a more pronounced atrophy of olfactory pathway structures in neuroimages than healthy controls [ 25 , 30 , 32 ]. Janssen et al suggested that, in populations with a higher proportion of older women and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder, olfaction impairments are indicators of PD diagnosis [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Value of Subjective Olfactometry as a Predictive Biomarker of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Ramos-Casademont,

Martin-Jimenez,

Villarreal-Garza

et al. 2024

Life

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Background: Olfactory disorders (ODs) are reported to be an early non-motor sign before the onset of deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This systematic revision aims to review the current literature and the value of subjective olfactometry (SO) in the early diagnosis of cognitive decline and NDs. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA framework. Four different authors reviewed six different databases. The main variables analyzed were olfactory function and cognitive status. The quality of results was evaluated using the Oxford Centre of Evidence-based Medicine Levels. Results: Twenty-one cross-sectional and cohort studies and six meta-analyses were included. Most of them found an association between ODs and NDs. A prevalence of ODs greater than 80% was shown in Parkinson’s disease, proportional to the severity of symptoms. In Alzheimer’s, ODs were associated with early diagnosis and prognosis. All SO tests employed in the literature showed enough predictive value to correlate with early stages of cognitive decline. Conclusions: SO should be considered a pivotal tool when diagnosing NDs due to their association with early symptoms and prognosis. However, in the current literature, no firm consensus exists on the optimal SO tests and protocols that should be applied to the study of NDs, which prevents the interpretability and comparability of results among studies.

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“…Structural changes in olfactory system explain the natural decline in olfactory function with age [ 4 ]. Also, olfactory dysfunction has been associated with various systemic diseases, and evaluation of olfactory function in geriatrics is now accepted as an important screening tool in the diagnosis of various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease [ 5 , 6 ]. As subjective recognition of olfactory dysfunction correlates with objective diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction [ 7 ], olfactory function testing is usually recommended for patients with subjective olfactory dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gustatory dysfunction perceptions versus objective gustatory dysfunction among older adults

2023

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Background Research on gustatory dysfunction among older adults has been scarce relative to research on olfactory dysfunction, and the relationship between subjective and objective gustatory dysfunction has not been studied in detail. We aimed to evaluate whether subjective recognition of gustatory dysfunction correlates with objective diagnosis of gustatory dysfunction among older adults. Methods In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we reviewed the medical records of 138 patients of ages ≥ 60 years for whom data were available on self-reported and objectively measured gustatory and olfactory function from January 2018 through April 2021 at a specialized smell/taste center of a single institution. We reviewed self-reported and measured outcomes of gustatory and olfactory function using patient data including clinical characteristics, including age, sex, smoking history, and medical history. Results We found that the subjective recognition of gustatory dysfunction does not correlate with the objective diagnosis of gustatory dysfunction based on the measured results of gustatory function tests. Subjective gustatory dysfunction, however, was correlated with subjective olfactory dysfunction. Among clinical and demographic characteristics, age and sex were significantly associated with measured gustatory function outcomes. Conclusion We suggest that subjective gustatory dysfunction underestimates objective dysfunction and recommend that older men with diminished olfactory function undergo gustatory function testing regardless of their self-reported gustatory function status.

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Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor versus tremor dominant Parkinson disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Recent advances in the pathology of prodromal non-motor symptoms olfactory deficit and depression in Parkinson’s disease: clues to early diagnosis and effective treatment

Recent advances in the pathology of prodromal non-motor symptoms olfactory deficit and depression in Parkinson’s disease: clues to early diagnosis and effective treatment

The Value of Subjective Olfactometry as a Predictive Biomarker of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Gustatory dysfunction perceptions versus objective gustatory dysfunction among older adults

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