Olfactory Dysfunction in CNS Neuroimmunological Disorders: a Review

Shin, Taekyun; Kim, Jeong-Tae; Ahn, Meejung; Moon, Changjong

doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1341-0

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Recent studies have established anosmia as a prodromal biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (48)(49)(50) and the presence of olfactory deficits in a subset of MS patients correlating with symptom severity (51,52). GAS-infected mice show severe persistent physiological deficits in M/ T neuronal function (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis

Platt

Bolding

Wayne

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Antibodies against neuronal receptors and synaptic proteins are associated with a group of ill-defined central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune diseases termed autoimmune encephalitides (AE), which are characterized by abrupt onset of seizures and/or movement and psychiatric symptoms. Basal ganglia encephalitis (BGE), representing a subset of AE syndromes, is triggered in children by repeated group AStreptococcus(GAS) infections that lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms. We have previously shown that multiple GAS infections of mice induce migration of Th17 lymphocytes from the nose into the brain, causing blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, extravasation of autoantibodies into the CNS, and loss of excitatory synapses within the olfactory bulb (OB). Whether these pathologies induce functional olfactory deficits, and the mechanistic role of Th17 lymphocytes, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, whereas loss of excitatory synapses in the OB is transient after multiple GAS infections, functional deficits in odor processing persist. Moreover, mice lacking Th17 lymphocytes have reduced BBB leakage, microglial activation, and antibody infiltration into the CNS, and have their olfactory function partially restored. Th17 lymphocytes are therefore critical for selective CNS entry of autoantibodies, microglial activation, and neural circuit impairment during postinfectious BGE.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis

Platt

Bolding

Wayne

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Olfactory dysfunction is not specific for AE patients. However, the association of olfactory dysfunction with neuroimmunological diseases was shown in different studies (38). In a recent MRI study the OF of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was compared (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis

et al. 2019

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Objective: To test the hypothesis that olfactory (OF) and gustatory function (GF) is disturbed in patients with autoimmune encephalitides (AE). Methods: The orthonasal OF was tested in 32 patients with AE and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) with the standardized Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) score. This validated olfactory testing method yields individual scores for olfactory threshold (T), odor discrimination (D), and identification (I), along with a composite TDI score. The GF was determined by the Taste Strip Test (TST). Results: Overall, 24/32 (75%) of patients with AE, but none of 32 HC ( p < 0.001) had olfactory dysfunction in TDI testing. The results of the threshold, discrimination and identification subtests were significantly reduced in patients with AE compared to HC (all p < 0.001). Assessed by TST, 5/19 (26.3%) of patients with AE, but none of 19 HC presented a significant limitation in GF ( p < 0.001). The TDI score was correlated with the subjective estimation of the olfactory capacity on a visual analog scale (VAS; r s = 0.475, p = 0.008). Neither age, sex, modified Rankin Scale nor disease duration were associated with the composite TDI score. Conclusions: This is the first study investigating OF and GF in AE patients. According to unblinded assessment, patients with AE have a reduced olfactory and gustatory capacity compared to HC, suggesting that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are hitherto unrecognized symptoms in AE. Further studies with larger number of AE patients would be of interest to verify our results.

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“…The diagnosis of olfactory alterations can be made using olfactometry 84 , and a worsening of this condition may be an indicator of disease progression due to the increasing of number of lesion or to the extension of demyelinating areas 74,79 .…”

Section: Smell Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otolaryngologic Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Ralli¹,

Stadio²,

Visconti³

et al. 2018

The International Tinnitus Journal

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Many symptoms of multiple sclerosis may affect the ear, nose and throat. The most common otolaryngologic symptoms of multiple sclerosis are speech disorders, followed by sleep disorders, vertigo and disequilibrium, dysphagia, smell alterations, and hearing loss. Less common symptoms include sialorrhea, facial palsy, taste alterations, trigeminal neuralgia and tinnitus. The origin of otolaryngologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis is mainly central, although increasing evidence also suggests a peripheral involvement.

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Olfactory Dysfunction in CNS Neuroimmunological Disorders: a Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 80 publications

Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis

Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis

Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis

Otolaryngologic Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

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