Olfactory cleft mucus eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin better reflects olfactory loss than blood eosinophil counts in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Abstract

BackgroundEosinophils are associated with olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN) is a sensitive marker of intense eosinophil activation. This study aimed to analyze olfactory cleft mucus and olfactory mucosa EDN levels and their association with olfactory dysfunction in CRS.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 150 patients with CRS electing endoscopic sinus surgery and 25 healthy controls. Both superior turbinate biopsy specimens and olfactory cleft mucus were collected to analyze EDN levels. Sniffin’ Sticks test scores, olfactory cleft computed tomography (CT) scores, and olfactory cleft endoscopy scale (OCES) were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the predictability of EDN levels for olfactory dysfunction in CRS.ResultsChronic rhinosinusitis with olfactory dysfunction presented significantly higher olfactory mucosa (p = 0.016) and olfactory cleft mucus (p < 0.001) EDN levels than CRS without olfactory dysfunction. Mucus EDN levels were positively correlated with blood eosinophils (r = 0.625, p = 0.002), olfactory cleft CT scores (r = 0.738, p < 0.001), and OCES (r = 0.605, p = 0.004) in CRS. Furthermore, mucus EDN levels were significantly negatively correlated with threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) (r = ‐0.688), olfactory threshold (r = ‐0.606), olfactory discrimination (r = ‐0.608), and olfactory identification (r = ‐0.697) scores. After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities, mucus EDN levels were significantly associated with olfactory dysfunction in CRS (odds ratio = 2.162; p = 0.027). Mucus EDN levels showed a significantly better performance for predicting olfactory dysfunction than blood eosinophil counts (area under the curve, 0.873 vs. 0.764, p = 0.024).ConclusionOlfactory cleft mucus EDN level may be a better biomarker for predicting olfactory dysfunction in CRS than blood eosinophil counts.

Apoptosis and turnover disruption of olfactory sensory neurons in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis

“…EOSs secrete not only various chemokines, cytokines, and neurotoxins that may lead to neuronal damage but also neurotrophins ( Wu et al, 2023 ). There are direct connections between SP-positive nerve fibers and EOSs in atopic dermatitis.…”