Olfactory cell cultures to investigate health effects of air pollution exposure: Implications for neurodegeneration

Abstract

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Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism

“…It is well-described that pulmonary, cardiac, renal, vascular endothelial, brain, and small intestine cells express ACE2 receptors and are potential targets for SARS-CoV-2 [ 8 , 9 ]. Another possible mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 brain involvement could be direct spreading across the cribriform plate of the ethmoidal sinus [ 10 , 11 ] ( Fig. 1 ).…”

Comparison of Levels of Heavy Metals in Nasal Concha Tissues in Rural and Urban Regions

“…Main outdoor air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and lead 14 . The polluted air in the city also contains ultra ne particles in high concentrations, and their effect on human health is not fully known 16,17 .…”

An Alzheimer’s Disease Patient-Derived Olfactory Stem Cell Model Identifies Gene Expression Changes Associated with Cognition

“…In the present study, we report for the first time, an extensive transcriptome profiling of AD ONS cells. Our RNA-Seq results identified altered genes associated with cognitive changes, and a preponderance of highly altered DEGs reported to respond to air pollution, a known environmental risk for AD [ 10 ]. Pathway analyses revealed that DEGs associated with aging, intellectual deficit, and alternative splicing were strongly affected both in AD and MCI patients.…”

“…The olfactory system consists of the olfactory mucosa (OM), located in the upper region of the nasal cavity, where the most superficial layer (olfactory epithelium, OE) is in contact with the external environment. The OE is continuously exposed to potentially harmful agents, including allergens and air pollution, which may contribute to accumulating damage and epigenetic changes to olfactory DNA, potentially with the ability to modify the risk for AD occurrence [ 10 , 11 ]. The OE contains stem cells, including horizontal and globose basal cells which can be readily accessed by routine biopsy, and grown in vitro to form olfactory neurospheres and human neurosphere-derived (ONS) cells [ 12 ].…”