Olfactory arousal reactions in the “cerveau isolé” cat

Arduini, A; Moruzzi, G.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(53)90010-8

Cited by 58 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…3). The influence of olfaction is powerful as it is seen even in the acute IF (Arduini and Moruzzi, 1953). However, removal of the olfactory bulbs or blinding does not preclude the display of fast EEG rhythms (also reported by Batsel, 1964), indicating that the latter is an intrinsic property of the forebrain.…”

Section: 1 Wakefulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep–waking system

Villablanca

2004

Journal of Sleep Research

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SUMMAR Y This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleepwakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculopupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre-and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/ behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS-and REMS-generating mechanisms exis...

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Section: 1 Wakefulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep–waking system

Villablanca

2004

Journal of Sleep Research

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“…The same condition pertains again a few minutes after an olfactory arousal or an arousal produced by electrical stimulation of the reticular function has been elicited, as shown in the records of the third and fifth rows. The effects of a generalized atousal, whether produced by blowing air into the nostrils of the cat (Arduini & Moruzzi, 1953) or by electrical stimulation (shocks 0 5 msec, 3 V, 300 c/s) of the midbrain reticular formation (Moruzzi & Magoun, 1949), are illustrated in the records ofthe second and fourth row. During both arousals when the spontaneous record is activated and desynchronized, when the pupils are dilated and the eyes move about, the acoustic evoked positive response obtained on stimulation of the medial geniculate nucleus is much reduced in amplitude and so is the slow after-discharge.…”

Section: Pseudocholinesterase and Brain Potentials 27mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of selective inhibition of pseudocholinesterase on the spontaneous and evoked activity of the cat's cerebral cortex

Desmedt¹,

Grutta²

1957

The Journal of Physiology

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In the present paper an attempt is made to find out whether the pharmacological arousal elicited by anti-ChE drugs can be attributed to differential inactivation of either the true ChE or the pseudo-ChE of the brain. For this purpose, a number of compounds inhibiting selectively either type of ChE were administered by arterial injection to the brains of cats, and a threshold dose producing a clear-cut arousal effect was defined in each case.When using such pharmacological tools, a number of precautions are essential because the selectivity of these compounds is only relative: indeed it may vary by a factor of 100 from one mammalian species to another

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“…Further insight into the complex character of centrifugal control over olfactory bulbar responses may be seen in the effects of the cerveau isolé procedure (separation of the brain at the midbrain-hindbrain border) on the spon¬ taneous EEG of the olfactory bulb (Table 1). In oestradiol-treated goldfish, cerveau isolé changed an inhibited (synchronized slow wave) (Bremer, 1936;Bullock, 1945;Moruzzi & Magoun, 1949 ;Arduini & Moruzzi, 1953 ;Kobayashi, Kobayashi, Takezawa, Oshima & Kawamura, 1962) bulbar EEG pattern into an essentially normal desynchronized one. This suggests that the inhibitory centrifugal influences on the bulbar EEG of oestrogenized fish come from a part of the brain posterior to the midbrain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Modification by Sex Hormones of the Spontaneous and Evoked Bulbar Electrical Activity in Goldfish

Oshima¹,

Gorbman²

1968

Journal of Endocrinology

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SUMMARY Young adult goldfish treated for 4 weeks with oestradiol, progesterone, or with a synthetic oestrogen or progestogen were used in a variety of tests designed to characterize olfactory function, using electroneurophysiological methods. The following observations were made: 1. The olfactory bulb appeared to be among the most responsive to hormone among the tested regions of the brain. 2. In oestrogenized goldfish and in fish given higher dosages of progesterone, there was a spontaneous slow pattern in the olfactory bulbar EEG. This slow pattern is changed to a desynchronized fast pattern after section at the midbrain—hindbrain level (cerveau isolé). On the other hand, the spontaneous 'normal' desynchronized pattern of progestogen-treated fish is converted to a synchronized slow pattern after similar brain stem transection. 3. Centrifugal modification of afferent-evoked bulbar electrical responses produced by NaCl infusion into the ipsilateral olfactory sac was augmented by hormones in lower doses in the cerveau isolé preparation. Oestradiol and progesterone in higher doses inhibit the centrifugal influence on bulbar responses while the synthetic progestational steroid continued to augment this control even when given at higher doses. These results suggest that sex steroids alter olfactory function through their stimulatory or inhibitory actions on the goldfish central nervous system, but the nature of their action depends upon dosage level and the particular steroid.

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Olfactory arousal reactions in the “cerveau isolé” cat

Cited by 58 publications

References 23 publications

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep–waking system

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep–waking system

The effect of selective inhibition of pseudocholinesterase on the spontaneous and evoked activity of the cat's cerebral cortex

Modification by Sex Hormones of the Spontaneous and Evoked Bulbar Electrical Activity in Goldfish

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