Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence

Mehraeen, Esmaeil; Behnezhad, Farzane; Salehi, Mohammad Amin; Noori, Tayebeh; Harandi, Hamid; SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad

doi:10.1007/s00405-020-06120-6

Cited by 105 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…We identified 2 meta-analyses of 24 and 21 studies/case reports respectively that described patients with olfactory/ gustatory dysfunction [69,70]. In addition, we describe 11 studies that evaluated olfactory/gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients (Table 6) [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81].…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

et al. 2020

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COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has an affinity for neural tissue. There are reports of encephalitis, encephalopathy, cranial neuropathy, Guillain-Barrè syndrome, and myositis/rhabdomyolysis in patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focused on the neuromuscular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed all published reports on SARS-CoV-2-related peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, muscle, and cranial nerve disorders. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is now accepted as an early manifestation of COVID-19 infection. Inflammation, edema, and axonal damage of olfactory bulb have been shown in autopsy of patients who died of COVID-19. Olfactory pathway is suggested as a portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. Similar to involvement of olfactory bulb, isolated oculomotor, trochlear and facial nerve has been described. Increasing reports Guillain-Barrè syndrome secondary to COVID-19 are being published. Unlike typical GBS, most of COVID-19-related GBS were elderly, had concomitant pneumonia or ARDS, more prevalent demyelinating neuropathy, and relatively poor outcome. Myalgia is described among the common symptoms of COVID-19 after fever, cough, and sore throat. Duration of myalgia may be related to the severity of COVID-19 disease. Few patients had muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase along with elevated levels of acute-phase reactants. All these patients with myositis/rhabdomyolysis had severe respiratory complications related to COVID-19. A handful of patients with myasthenia gravis showed exacerbation of their disease after acquiring COVID-19 disease. Most of these patients recovered with either intravenous immunoglobulins or steroids.

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Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is accepted as an early symptom of COVID-19 infection. In a review of 24 studies by Mehraeen et al, anosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and dysgeusia was a presenting feature in majority of the studies [69]. They found anosmia to be the most common olfactory/gustatory symptom.…”

Section: Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

et al. 2020

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“…Anosmia and ageusia were present in 15% and 13.8% of the patients of our study. These symptoms were rst described in April 2020, with different prevalence according to the case series [18,19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of a COVID19 confirmed case series in Primary Care (COVID19-PC Project): a cross-sectional study

Rogero-Blanco

González-García

Medina-García

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: To estimate the prevalence of symptoms and signs related to a COVID19 case series confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. Risk factors and the associated use of health services will also be analysed. Methods. Observational, descriptive, retrospective case series study. The study was performed at two Primary Care Health Centres located in Madrid, Spain. The subjects studied were all PCR SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases older than 18 years, diagnosed from the beginning of the community transmission (March 13) until April 15, 2020. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, health service utilization and clinical course variables during the following months. All data was gathered by their own attending physician, and electronic medical records were reviewed individually. Statistical analysis: A descriptive analysis was carried out and a Poisson regression model was adjusted to study associated factors to Health Services use.Results: Out of the 499 patients studied from two health centres, 55.1% were women and mean age was 58.2 (17.3). 25.1% were healthcare professionals. The most frequent symptoms recorded related to COVID19 were cough (77.9%; CI 95% 46.5-93.4), fever (77.7%; CI95% 46.5-93.4) and dyspnoea (54.1%; CI95% 46.6-61.4). 60.7% were admitted to hospital. 64.5% first established contact with their primary care provider before going to the hospital, with a mean number of 11.4 Healthcare Providers Encounters with primary care during all the follow-up period.The number of visit-encounters with primary care was associated with being male [IRR 1.072 (1.013, 1.134)], disease severity {from mild respiratory infection [IRR 1.404 (1.095, 1.801)], up to bilateral pneumonia [IRR 1.852 (1.437,2.386)]}, and the need of a work leave [IRR 1.326 (1.244, 1.413].Conclusion: Symptoms and risk factors in our case series are similar to those in other studies. There was a high number of patients with atypical unilateral or bilateral pneumonia. Care for COVID has required a high use of healthcare resources such as clinical encounters and work leaves.

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“…On the other hand, a recent review reports a nearly 23% prevalence for anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 patients [62]. Several explanations are suggested to shed light on the underlying cause of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 patients.…”

Section: Parkinson's Diseasementioning

confidence: 98%

Understanding the Immunologic Characteristics of Neurologic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Immunological Mechanisms

2020

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Similar to its predecessors, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits neurotrophic properties, which lead to progression of neurologic sequelae. Besides direct viral invasion to the central nervous system (CNS), indirect CNS involvement through viral-mediated immune response is plausible. Aberrant immune pathways such as extreme release of cytokines (cytokine storm), autoimmunity mediated by cross-reactivity between CNS components and viral particles, and microglial activation propagate CNS damage in these patients. Here, we review the currently available evidence to discuss the plausible immunologic pathways that may contribute to the development of COVID-19 neurological complications, namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizure, and brainstem involvement.

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Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence

Cited by 105 publications

References 35 publications

Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

Characteristics of a COVID19 confirmed case series in Primary Care (COVID19-PC Project): a cross-sectional study

Understanding the Immunologic Characteristics of Neurologic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Immunological Mechanisms

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