Olfactory alliesthesia in human neonates: Prandial state and stimulus familiarity modulate facial and autonomic responses to milk odors

Soussignan, Robert; Schaal, Benoı̂st; Marlier, Luc

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199907)35:1<3::aid-dev2>3.0.co;2-f

Cited by 59 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…22 Because previous research 15,23,24 has shown that negative facial configurations are more discriminating than positive configurations in gauging the infants' hedonic responsiveness, the videotape analyses focused on frequency of negative facial responses (eg, nose wrinkling, brow lowering, upper lip raising, gaping, head turning) made in response to each spoonful of cereal proffered. During scoring, the sound was turned off so that the raters would not be influenced by the infants' vocalizations.…”

Section: Of 6 Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning By Human Infantsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants

2001

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ABSTRACT. Background. Flavors from the mother's diet during pregnancy are transmitted to amniotic fluid and swallowed by the fetus. Consequently, the types of food eaten by women during pregnancy and, hence, the flavor principles of their culture may be experienced by the infants before their first exposure to solid foods. Some of these same flavors will later be experienced by infants in breast milk, a liquid that, like amniotic fluid, comprises flavors that directly reflect the foods, spices, and beverages eaten by the mother. The present study tested the hypothesis that experience with a flavor in amniotic fluid or breast milk modifies the infants' acceptance and enjoyment of similarly flavored foods at weaning.Methods. Pregnant women who planned on breastfeeding their infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. The women consumed either 300 mL of carrot juice or water for 4 days per week for 3 consecutive weeks during the last trimester of pregnancy and then again during the first 2 months of lactation. The mothers in 1 group drank carrot juice during pregnancy and water during lactation; mothers in a second group drank water during pregnancy and carrot juice during lactation, whereas those in the control group drank water during both pregnancy and lactation. Approximately 4 weeks after the mothers began complementing their infants' diet with cereal and before the infants had ever been fed foods or juices containing the flavor of carrots, the infants were videotaped as they fed, in counterbalanced order, cereal prepared with water during 1 test session and cereal prepared with carrot juice during another. Immediately after each session, the mothers rated their infants' enjoyment of the food on a 9-point scale.Results. The results demonstrated that the infants who had exposure to the flavor of carrots in either amniotic fluid or breast milk behaved differently in response to that flavor in a food base than did nonexposed control infants. Specifically, previously exposed infants exhibited fewer negative facial expressions while feeding the carrot-flavored cereal compared with the plain cereal, whereas control infants whose mothers drank water during pregnancy and lactation exhibited no such difference. Moreover, those infants who were exposed to carrots prenatally were perceived by their mothers as enjoying the carrot-flavored cereal more compared with the plain cereal. Although these same tendencies were observed for the amount of cereal consumed and the length of the feeds, these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusions.Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a flavor enhanced the infants' enjoyment of that flavor in solid foods during weaning. These very early flavor experiences may provide the foundation for cultural and ethnic differences in cuisine. Pediatrics 2001;107(6). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/6/ e88; infant nutrition, prenatal, lactation, weaning, flavor, development, preferences.ABBREVIATIONS. CW, carrot juice during pregnancy and water during lactat...

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Section: Of 6 Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning By Human Infantsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants

2001

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“…The behavioral states were defined according to Prechtl's (1974) The mouthing movements were coded to provide an index of ''exploratory'' behavior (Desmond et al, 1963) and appetitive prefeeding responses (Bullinger & Rochat, 1985;Soussignan et al, 1999). The following oral items were coded: (1) Rooting, composed of repeated, short-range bilateral movements of the head with open mouth and often protruded lips (cf.…”

Section: Behavioural Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To maximize the infants' responses, the testing was run in preprandial state, that is, 3.3 AE 1.1 hr after the last feed, when they show maximal rooting-mouthing frequency to odors (Soussignan, Schaal, & Marlier, 1999). Observation sessions begun when the newborns were in calm or active waking states [States 3 or 4 of Prechtl's (1974) categories].…”

Section: Experimental Setting and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “smellscape” of mother's breast: Effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses

Doucet

Soussignan

Sagot

et al. 2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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Lactating women emit odor cues that release activity in newborns. Such cues may be carried in various substrates, including milk or areolar secretions. The present study aimed to examine the responses of infants facing their mother's breast and to sort out the source(s) of active volatile compounds emitted by the lactating breast. Infants (aged 3-4 days) were presented their mother's breast in two consecutive trials of 90 s each: a scentless condition (breast entirely covered with a transparent film) paired with one of four odorous conditions (fully exposed breast: n ¼ 15; nipple only exposed: 15; areola only exposed: 13; and milk exposed: 12). The infants were more orally activated when facing any of the odorous breast conditions than when facing the scentless breast. They cried earlier and longer, and opened their eyes less, when facing the scentless breast. Nipple, Areola, and Milk odors appeared to be equivalent to the whole breast odor in stimulating oral activity and in delaying crying onset. This study shows that volatile compounds originating in areolar secretions or milk release mouthing, stimulate eye opening, and delay and reduce crying in newborns.

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“…Hedonicity is how we like or dislike a conscious experience. Hedonicity seems to be especially predominant with olfactory sensation (Royet, Zald, Versace, Coste, Lavenne, Koenig & Gervais, 2000;Soussignan & Schaal, 1996;Soussignan, Schaal & Marlier, 1999). What will be studied, therefore, is the capacity to remember stimuli as a function of the amount of pleasure or displeasure aroused by the stimuli -in our case, odors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"The most important function of the nose may be not in transmitting messages about the outside world, but in motivating the organism after the message has been received" (Engen, 1973); that function being already present in the newborn (Marlier, Schaal &. Soussignan, 1997;Soussignan,,Schaal & Marlier, 1999) and even intra utero (Marlier Marlier, Schaal & Soussignan, 1998a, & 1998b. Animal experiments have shown that odors followed by a reward were better remembered than non-rewarded odors (Lovelace & Slotnick, 1995), which is a clue that memory privileges usefulness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hedonicity and Memory of Odors

Cabanac¹,

Bonniot-Cabanac²

2011

IJPS

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The capacity of human observers to remember incidentally learned olfactory sensations as a function of their perceived pleasure/ displeasure was investigated. In the encoding phase of the experiment, the participants rated a sequence of 24 stimuli for (i) sensory intensity, and (ii) degree of pleasure or displeasure. They were then given two successive explicit memory tests, (i) free recall of the names of encountered odors, and (ii) yes/no recognition of the encountered odor stimuli. The results showed higher recall and recognition accuracy for the stimuli that had been rated higher in affective content at the time of study. These results support the hypothesis that hedonicity is a variable that influences the encoding and storage of events in memory.

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Olfactory alliesthesia in human neonates: Prandial state and stimulus familiarity modulate facial and autonomic responses to milk odors

Cited by 59 publications

References 44 publications

Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants

Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants

The “smellscape” of mother's breast: Effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses

Hedonicity and Memory of Odors

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