Olefin Condensation

Mehlberg, Robert L.; Pujadó, Peter R.; Ward, Dennis J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7_6

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Oligomerization of ethylene and propylene is an important upgrading reaction, such as in the valorization of the ethane and propane in shale gas into motor fuels or the production of sustainable aviation fuels from bioalcohol. − There are three broad classes of olefin oligomerization, catalysts depending on the type of reactive intermediate formed: carbanion-like species (organometallic or supported transition metal-alkyl catalysts), − carbenium ions (Brønsted acid catalysts), − and free radicals (thermal noncatalytic reactions). ,− The first two have been studied extensively over the past half-century, whereas the latter, which was discovered first, has been given little consideration since the 1950s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brønsted acid, carbenium ion oligomerization is a common refinery operation to make motor fuels from cracked light olefins. The acidic catalysts can be liquid (e.g., H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , and HF) or solid phase [e.g., solid phosphoric acid (SPA), zeolites, and resins]. ,, Since liquid acids are corrosive and more hazardous, solid acid catalysts, such as SPA and zeolites, are preferred. Moreover, solid acid catalysts circumvent the need for expensive separations but are hindered by deactivation due to coking, site loss, and pore blockage, requiring frequent regeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃

Conrad

DeLine

Miller

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Noncatalytic thermal conversion of light olefins proceeds at industrially relevant rates at temperatures above 450 °C and pressures above 50 bar. The discovery of solid acid oligomerization catalysts permitted the use of milder conditions (<300 °C) and significantly improved the octane rating. However, Brønsted acid catalysts deactivate and must be regenerated frequently. In this study, at reaction temperatures of about 250–450 °C and pressures of 1 to 40 bar, olefins react on γ-alumina to form higher molecular weight products. The rate of propylene is about ten times higher than that of ethylene. The products, however, are not a simple olefin oligomerization distribution, and many nonoligomer products are formed. The primary products undergo secondary reactions, including double bond isomerization and H-transfer, giving moderate selectivities for saturated products. Depending on the conversion, temperature, and pressure, the rate of ethylene conversion on alumina is more than 100 times that of thermal, noncatalytic conversion. The apparent activation energy for ethylene conversion is 55–75 kJ/mol, which is much lower than ∼244 kJ/mol observed for the thermal gas-phase reaction. On alumina, some reactants and products undergo disproportionation reactions. For example, propylene forms equal molar amounts of ethylene and iso-butene even at very low conversions. Lewis acid sites on γ-alumina have previously been proposed as the active site for double bond isomerization and H–D exchange. Thus, it seems likely that Lewis acid sites are also catalytic for olefin oligomerization and disproportionation reactions. With the γ-alumina catalyst, high liquid yields can be achieved with little formation of coke and minimal deactivation for at least several days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃

Conrad

DeLine

Miller

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…One of the units in the LEU is the Catalytic Condensation Unit (CCU). This unit is designed to process Unsaturated Mixed's Butane from RCC Complex units and produce high molecular weight products using Solid Phosphoric Acid (SPA) catalysts with a polymerization process [1][2] [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The operating temperature for SPA catalysts is between 150-225 ℃. If below 150 ℃ causes the catalyst to soften and the reactor pressure drop will increase, if it is above 225 ℃ there will be an overreaction of the olefin so that it forms Tar and causes "Coke" on the catalyst [1][3] [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Control in The R-101 Reactor with Comparing the Ziegler Nichols and Tyreus - Luyben Tuning Methods

Utami¹,

Sahrin²,

Maulidya³

2021

Proceedings of the 2nd Borobudur International Symposium on Science and Technology (BIS-STE 2020)

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The R-101 reactor is one of the units in the Catalytic Condensation Unit (CCU), XXX Refinery. This reactor functions to reprocess the mixed C4 feed originating from the RCC Complex processing to have a higher selling value such as propylene and LPG. In this reactor, there is a polymerization reaction between the feed and the catalyst and exothermic heat transfer so that a series of control instrumentation is needed to maintain the temperature of the incoming feed at the reactor inlet. Temperature is a factor influencing conversion. The temperature control system in reactor R-101 is a series of cascade controls by temperature outlet heater E-102 with flow steam flowing in heater E-102. This control system will be more effective if the system response is stable, namely the shorter ascent and steady-state parameters, as well as the small overshoot value. One way to do this is by tuning the PID parameters of the controller. After tuning the PID parameters for temperature control in the Reactor R 101A, it can be seen that the response graph with the Ziegler Nichols method has the most stable response compared to the actual process response and the Tyreus -Luyben tuning method but still has the same delay time parameter of 90 seconds, the long incline and steady-state is 500 seconds, but the smallest overshoot is only 0.9%.

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The green chemistry paradigm in modern organic synthesis

Zlotin,

Egorova,

Ananikov

et al. 2023

RUSS CHEM REV

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в начале 90-х годов ХХ в., ее основные положения непрерывно эволюционировали и развивались. На данный момент насчитывается 10–12 основных "краеугольных камней7quot;, на которых должен быть построен идеальный химический процесс. Данный обзор анализирует накопленный опыт и достижения на пути к созданию химических продуктов и процессов без использования или образования вредных веществ. Обзор представляет точку зрения ведущих российских специалистов, работающих в различных областях данного направления, включая гомогенный и гетерогенный катализ, тонкий и промышленный органический синтез, электрохимию, полимерную химию, химию на основе биовозобновляемого сырья, химию энергоемких соединений и материалов. Представлена также новая разработка российских авторов в области количественной оценки экологичности процессов.<br> Библиография — 1761 ссылка.

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Olefin Condensation

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃

Temperature Control in The R-101 Reactor with Comparing the Ziegler Nichols and Tyreus - Luyben Tuning Methods

The green chemistry paradigm in modern organic synthesis

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Olefin Condensation

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al2O3

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al2O3

Temperature Control in The R-101 Reactor with Comparing the Ziegler Nichols and Tyreus - Luyben Tuning Methods

The green chemistry paradigm in modern organic synthesis

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High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃

High-Temperature Conversion of Olefins to Liquid Hydrocarbons on γ-Al₂O₃