Older adults elicit a single-bout post-exercise executive benefit across a continuum of aerobically supported metabolic intensities

Petrella, A; Belfry, Glen R.; Heath, Matthew

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.009

Cited by 24 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…A second limitation is that the present work employed only a 20-min session at a moderate intensity. Although previous work by our group has shown a postexercise benefit in oculomotor inhibitory control for 10-and 20-min sessions of aerobic exercise across a continuum of metabolically sustainable intensities (i.e., moderate [80% of lactate threshold (LT)] to heavy intensity (50% of the difference between LT and VO 2peak/max ) (Heath et al, 2018;Petrella et al, 2019) it is possible that the distinct neural circuitry associated with cognitive flexibility (Gilbert and Burgess, 2008) may show a distinct dose-response relationship to a singlebout of aerobic exercise. It might be the case that an exercise session less than or greater than the 20-min used here (or different exercise intensities) may not influence task-switching efficiency.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recommended power for this type of research is 0.8 and based on our group's previous work (Heath et al, 2018;Samani and Heath, 2018;Petrella et al, 2019;Dirk et al, 2020) it was estimated that 15-18 participants would provide statistical power of 0.8 with an alpha level of 0.5. Eighteen participants (10 female and 8 male: age range 18-25 years) from the University of Western Ontario community volunteered for this study.…”

Section: Experiments 1 Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exercise session included a 2.5 min warm-up at 50% of participant's HR max which was followed by a step-transition to a moderate intensity (i.e., 80% of HR max ) for 20 min. A moderate intensity was used based on our group's work showing that a continuum of moderate to veryheavy exercise intensities does not differentially influence a postexercise benefit to inhibitory control (Heath et al, 2018;Samani and Heath, 2018;Petrella et al, 2019;Dirk et al, 2020). During the exercise intervention, participants adjusted the resistance lever on the cycle ergometer to ensure that their heart rate was within the instructed level.…”

Section: Exercise Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Provides an Immediate “Boost” to Cognitive Flexibility

Heath

Shukla

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Executive function includes the core components of working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. A wealth of studies demonstrate that working memory and inhibitory control improve following a single bout of exercise; however, a paucity-and equivocal-body of work has demonstrated a similar benefit for cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility underlies switching between different attentional-and motor-related goals, and a potential limitation of previous work examining this component in an exercise context is that they included tasks involving non-executive processes (i.e., numerosity, parity, and letter judgments). To address this issue, Experiment 1 employed a 20-min bout of aerobic exercise and examined pre-and immediate post-exercise cognitive flexibility via stimulus-driven (SD) and minimally delayed (MD) saccades ordered in an AABB task-switching paradigm. Stimulus-driven saccades are a standard task requiring a response at target onset, whereas MD saccades are a non-standard and top-down task requiring a response only after the target is extinguished. Work has shown that RTs for a SD saccade preceded by a MD saccade are longer than when a SD saccade is preceded by its same task-type, whereas the converse switch does not influence performance (i.e., the unidirectional switch-cost). Experiment 1 yielded a 28 ms and 8 ms unidirectional switch-cost pre-and post-exercise, respectively (ps < 0.001); however, the magnitude of the switch-cost was reduced post-exercise (p = 0.005). Experiment 2 involved a non-exercise control condition and yielded a reliable and equivalent magnitude unidirectional switch-cost at a pre-(28 ms) and post-break (26 ms) assessment (ps < 0.001). Accordingly, a single-bout of exercise improved taskswitching efficiency and thereby provides convergent evidence that exercise provides a global benefit to the core components of executive function.

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Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments 1 Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exercise Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Provides an Immediate “Boost” to Cognitive Flexibility

Heath

Shukla

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…As distinct from the prosaccadic task (i.e., saccade to a target’s veridical location), longer RTs, less ARs/increased directional errors, and more variable endpoints emerge when individuals perform an antisaccadic task ( Gillen and Heath, 2014 ). Petrella et al (2019) used prosaccadic and antisaccadic tasks to examine the effects of 10 min of continuous aerobic exercise at different intensities (i.e., moderate, heavy, and very heavy) on executive-related oculomotor performance in elderly adults. They found that antisaccade RTs, but not prosaccade RTs, were reduced across the continuum of moderate to very-heavy exercise intensities, indicating that the post-exercise benefits in antisaccade RTs did not reliably vary with exercise intensity ( Petrella et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Petrella et al (2019) used prosaccadic and antisaccadic tasks to examine the effects of 10 min of continuous aerobic exercise at different intensities (i.e., moderate, heavy, and very heavy) on executive-related oculomotor performance in elderly adults. They found that antisaccade RTs, but not prosaccade RTs, were reduced across the continuum of moderate to very-heavy exercise intensities, indicating that the post-exercise benefits in antisaccade RTs did not reliably vary with exercise intensity ( Petrella et al, 2019 ). Since cortical regions responsible for antisaccades show improved task-dependent prefrontal cortex activity following an exercise intervention ( Colcombe et al, 2004 ), and impaired performance on the antisaccade task could serve as indices of potentially increased risk of cognitive decline in normal elderly individuals ( Mirsky et al, 2011 ), the antisaccadic task is an ideal tool for detecting subtle changes in executive functions following a single bout of exercise in such a group ( Petrella et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise

Tsai

Chang

Pan

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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A wealth of evidence has shown that a single bout of aerobic exercise can facilitate executive function. However, none of current studies on this topic have addressed whether the magnitude of the acute-exercise benefit on executive function and oculomotor performance is influenced by different aerobic exercise modes. The present study was thus aimed toward an investigation of the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on executive-related oculomotor performance in healthy late middle-aged and older adults. Using a within-subject design, twenty-two participants completed a single bout of 30 min of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The behavioral [e.g., reaction times (RTs), coefficient of variation (CV) of the RT], and oculomotor (e.g., saccade amplitude, saccade latency, and saccadic peak velocity) indices were measured when participants performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks prior to and after an intervention mode. The results showed that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions shortened the RTs in the antisaccade task, with the null effect on the CV of the RT in the late middle-aged and older adults. In terms of oculomotor metrics, although the two exercise modes could not modify the performance in terms of saccade amplitudes and saccade latencies, the participants’ saccadic peak velocities while performing the oculomotor paradigm were significantly altered only following an acute HIIE intervention. The present findings suggested that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions modulated post-exercise antisaccade control on behavioral performance (e.g., RTs). Nevertheless, the HIIE relative MICE mode appears to be a more effective aerobic exercise in terms of oculomotor control (e.g., saccadic peak velocities) in late middle-aged and older adults.

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Physically active undergraduates perform better on executive‐related oculomotor control: Evidence from the antisaccade task and pupillometry

Zhou

Zhuang

2022

PsyCh Journal

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Previous studies have shown that exercise can improve executive function in young and older adults. However, it remains controversial whether a sufficient amount of physical activity leads to higher‐level executive function. To examine the effect of physical activity on executive function, we used eye‐tracking technology and the antisaccade task in 41 young undergraduates with various levels of physical activity. Moreover, we also investigated their differences in cognitive ability by examining their pupil size during the antisaccade task. Eye‐tracking results showed that physically active individuals showed shorter saccade latency and higher accuracy in the antisaccade task than their physically inactive counterparts. Furthermore, the former showed larger pupil size during the preparatory period of antisaccade. These findings suggest that individuals with higher‐level physical activity have higher‐level executive function. The larger pupil sizes of physically active individuals may imply that their locus coeruleus‐norepinephrine system and executive‐related prefrontal cortex are more active, which contributes to their higher‐level cognitive ability.

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Older adults elicit a single-bout post-exercise executive benefit across a continuum of aerobically supported metabolic intensities

Cited by 24 publications

References 59 publications

A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Provides an Immediate “Boost” to Cognitive Flexibility

A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Provides an Immediate “Boost” to Cognitive Flexibility

Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise

Physically active undergraduates perform better on executive‐related oculomotor control: Evidence from the antisaccade task and pupillometry

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