Older Adults’ Driving Reduction and Cessation

Abstract

Despite the potential benefits of planning for DRC, families are unsure about how best to approach this topic. Adult children worry about assuming responsibility for their parents' transportation needs and their parents' reactions to restricted mobility. Despite a reluctance to communicate openly about DRC, adult children and their parents share similar and significant concerns that merit increased attention.

居住常态理论和美国老年人就地养老行为分析①

“…However, when they experience the physical or cognitive declines of aging, driving becomes impossible or unsafe. Many older widows also experience transportation difficulties because they can no longer rely on their husbands to drive them to their destinations (Mezuk et al, 2008;Connell et al, 2013). Lacking reliable transportation, older people not only engage in fewer recreational or social activities, but also curtail their visits to their grocery stores and doctors (Baily, 2004).…”

“…了解他们， 能够欣赏或者至少容忍他们独特的行为 或生活方式， 他们也无需一直向别人介绍和证明自 己 (Cumming et al, 1962 (Golant, 1984)。这些地方可能出现社会秩序混乱 (如犯罪、 毒品、 酗酒、 破坏公物)， 建筑物废弃或破 败。老年人一般会减少外出， 因为独自外出缺乏安 全感； 并且， 这些地方往往缺少休闲娱乐的条件(如 公园、 广场、 图书馆和为老年人组织的活动)， 及保 健和长期照护服务 (Krause, 2003;Yao et al, 2008)。 第六， 大量的美国老年人住在公共交通不能覆 盖的人口稀疏的城市郊区或农村地区。当他们还 能开车时， 购物等日常活动尚无多大困难。然而随 着年龄增大， 开车变得不可能或不安全。许多上年 纪的寡居老人也存在交通困难， 因为她们再也不能 依靠丈夫送自己到目的地 (Mezuk et al, 2008;Connell et al, 2013 (Golant, 1998)。 为了解老年人如何评价其居所， 本文援引作者 以前构建的居住常态理论模型(The Residential Normalcy Theoretical Model) 加 以 分 析 (Golant, 2011)。 模型假定： 当老年人拥有符合他们需求和目标的合 适居所时， 就会表现出总体良好或积极的情感体 验； 它进一步解释了一些老年人能更加有效地应对 其住所的麻烦或不足的原因(图 1)。 4.1 居住情感体验 地理学家早就认识到有必要研究人们对其居 住或活动其中的住所的感受 (Rowles, 1978;Milligan, 2005;Andrews et al, 2013Andrews et al, , 2014Skinner et al, 2015)。同样， 心理学家认为个体的情绪反应代表 了 " 人 类 应 对 各 种 环 境 的 共 同 核 心 " (Mehrabian, 1980)。研究人类寿命的学者尤其强调情感的激励 作用 (Magai, 2001)。居住常态理论模型区分了两类 独 立 的 情 感 体 验 ： 居 住 舒 适 情 感 体 验 (residential comfort emotional experiences)和居住掌控情感体验 (residential mastery emotional experiences)。模型认 为， 如果这两组体验都是整体上满意或肯定的， 则 老年人达到居住常态 (Golant, 2011) (Kanner et al, 1981) Skodol, 2010;Aldwin et al, 2012;Wiles et al, 2012b;Wild et al, 2013) (Langer et al, 1983;Lieberman, 1991;Morgan et al, 2013 Abstract: Older Americans prefer to remain in their current dwellings as long as possible and usually move infrequently, that is, they age in place. This paper explains their infrequent relocation adjustments and shows that this residential inertia results in significant shares of older people who live in unaffordable dwellings with physical deficiencies, in neighborhoods with various undesirable physical and social changes, and who are socially isolated with unmet long-term care needs.…”

Family members’ needs and experiences related to driving disruption following acquired brain injury

“…Even so, the majority of the studies contain perspectives of family members alongside other stakeholders such as the individuals and healthcare professionals, with only four studies focused solely on the experiences of family members (Adler, Rottunda, Rasmussen, & Kuskowski, 2000;Connell et al, 2013;D'Ambrosio et al, 2009;Hebert, Martin-Cook, Svetlik, & Weiner, 2002).…”

“…For these groups, the provision of care and transport during driving disruption has been identified as a challenging caregiving responsibility, which poses unique issues beyond that of general caregiving (Connell, Harmon, Janevic, & Kostyniuk, 2013;B. D. Taylor & Tripodes, 2001).…”

“…There is an increasing recognition that driving cessation also affects family members of older adults and adults with dementia (Byszewski, Molnar, & Aminzadeh, 2010;Liddle et al, 2013;Perkinson et al, 2005). In one study, family members of older adults described experiencing a disruption in lifestyle and role changes (Connell et al, 2013) and other studies have found driving disruption to be a challenging period which affected family communication and dynamics (Adler, 2010;Connell et al, 2013;D'Ambrosio et al, 2009). Although it is possible to draw inferences and parallels between family members of individuals with ABI and older adults, there are some unique differences.…”