Old corrugated box (OCB)-based cellulose nanofiber-reinforced and citric acid-cross-linked TSP–guar gum composite film

Lal, Sumit; Mhaske, S. T.

doi:10.1007/s00289-020-03138-y

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The two most prominent peaks present in this area, at 1592 and 1505 cm −1 , correspond to CC stretching of aromatic rings, which compose structural units of lignin, such as guaiacyl and syringyl, present in OCC-CNF. 27,48 Similarly, the OCC-CNF ssNMR spectra showed a weak lignin signal, indicated by aromatic carbons clustered in the range of 142−157 ppm, and the typical methoxy group in lignin around 55 ppm. The lack of aromatic carbon or methoxy signals in the BSK-CNF sample further confirm the efficacy of the bleaching process in removing lignin from biomass.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…24 The potential for reinforcement of OCC-derived CNF in polymer composites, however, has yet to be evaluated. 27 In this study, poly(L-lactide)-based composites reinforced with CNF extracted from OCC and bleached softwood Kraft pulp were compared to evaluate the use of OCC as a low energy and low-cost CNF source. The energy used in production of CNF from both sources was compared, and the CNF was compounded with PLLA at various ratios for evaluation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, OCC is significantly less expensive than bleached softwood Kraft pulp; OCC can be obtained for $108 per dry ton, while bleached softwood pulp costs $1100 per dry ton, on average . The extraction of CNF from OCC has been reported by Lal, Yousefhashemi, and Balea, who used the OCC-derived CNF as reinforcement in polysaccharide/guar gum films, starch/nanosilica paperboard, and recycled paper, respectively. − Tang et al also reported the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from OCC using acid and enzymatic hydrolysis . The potential for reinforcement of OCC-derived CNF in polymer composites, however, has yet to be evaluated …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Copenhaver

Lamm

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Cellulose nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of interest as sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable or fossil fuel-derived materials, particularly in composite applications. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are most often derived from wood sources through energy-intensive and costly mechanical fibrillation processes. In this study, recycled cardboard, referred to as old corrugated cardboard (OCC), was investigated as an alternate CNF source. OCC is a recycled material that can be obtained at one-tenth the cost of the commonly used bleached softwood Kraft pulp and can be refined to similar levels with nearly one-half of the energy consumption. Additionally, the distinct composition and morphology of OCC-derived CNF provides a more favorable fiber–matrix interface and better reinforcement capabilities of the cellulose nanofibrils in polymer matrices, displaying an over 70% increase in tensile modulus at a loading of 40 wt % with no decrease in tensile strength. When paired with biobased poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), OCC-derived CNF is proven to be an attractive low-cost and low-energy reinforcing agent for sustainable, high performance nanocomposites.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Copenhaver

Lamm

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…On the other hand, an OCC is generally produced from recycled fibers that are not usually bleached and goes through the recycling process multiple times, making the OCC-derived lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNFs) a more sustainable option . Very recently, some research groups extracted LCNFs from OCCs through mechanical defibrillation and used in paper, paperboard, and film making applications. − All those works are based on lab-based small-scale fibrillation processes. Copenhaver et al first produced LCNFs from recycled OCCs through the pilot-scale refiner at the University of Maine and reported the energy demand for a different fines content of LCNF .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Recycled Cardboard Container-Derived Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibrils into a Robust Gas Barrier UV-Shielding Film

Hasan

Wang

Bousfield

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Self-standing cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films are regarded as one of the promising alternatives to current petroleum-based packaging materials mostly due to their ability to form dense self-assembled structures exhibiting high gas barrier properties. Nonetheless, one of the major obstacles to the commercialization of these materials in packaging applications is the high cost of raw materials and production energy. In this study, we created self-standing films of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) derived from a recycled old corrugated cardboard (OCC) pulp that costs less than bleached softwood Kraft (BSK) pulp and requires half as much energy for refining to obtain the same quality of material. The low zeta potential (−3.83 mV) of OCC-derived LCNFs (OCC-LCNFs) resulted in aggregation of the fibrils in aqueous suspension, leading to considerable unpredictability in oxygen permeability (OP) values (coefficient of variation 36%). The addition of 3 wt % (based on the dry weight of LCNFs) carboxymethyl cellulose lowered the coefficient of variation to 16% with an average OP of 1478 (cc.μm/m2.atm.day) at 80% relative humidity. Because the OP was higher than that of the CNF film made from BSK-derived CNF (BSK-CNFs), we demonstrated that ionic crosslinking with trivalent aluminum ion or covalent crosslinking with polyamide epichlorohydrin decreased the OP by 30% at 23 °C and 80% relative humidity while also significantly enhancing the tensile strength and modulus. In addition, the presence of lignin in OCC resulted in a relatively lower water vapor permeability value in OCC-LCNF films compared to BSK-CNF films. Moreover, OCC-LCNF films showed complete UV-shielding (200–400 nm) property. Overall, this work provides a new opportunity to exploit a recycled and inexpensive source of CNFs to produce robust gas barrier materials for packaging applications.

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“…Traditional plastics made from petroleum are di cult to degrade, which have brought serious environmental issues. To reduce the pollution, researchers are developing degradable replacements for petroleum-based materials (Lal et al, 2020;Sharma et al, 2021;Sheth et al, 2019). For instance, degradable plastic eventually decomposes into CO 2 , water, and minerals under natural conditions, causing little environmental damage (Shah et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citric acid cross-linked regenerated bacterial cellulose as biodegradable film for food packaging

Yu,

Yang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Cellulose

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The global depletion of petrochemical resources, coupled with the environmental problems caused by the widespread use of traditional plastics, have brought more attention to exploring biodegradable materials. However, the high preparation cost and complex manufacturing processes leave us few choices of raw materials of biodegradability. Herein, regenerated bacterial cellulose (RBC) was used to prepare a kind of environmentally-friendly material that degrades rapidly. Further addition of citric acid (CA) enhances its mechanical properties and degradability, resulting in a CA-cross-linked regenerated cellulose (CA-RC) lm with a fracture strength of 93.40 MPa and Young's modulus of 4.2 GPa, which behaves better than commercial plastic wrap in food preservation. In addition, the lm could be completely degraded in soil within two weeks, of which the biocompatibility is veri ed by both cell proliferation and hemolysis experiments. The results show that the CA-RC lms have great application prospects in food packaging and biomedical materials.

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Old corrugated box (OCB)-based cellulose nanofiber-reinforced and citric acid-cross-linked TSP–guar gum composite film

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Turning Recycled Cardboard Container-Derived Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibrils into a Robust Gas Barrier UV-Shielding Film

Citric acid cross-linked regenerated bacterial cellulose as biodegradable film for food packaging

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