Old and New Style. Terminology, and Ruling Systems and Methods

Gumbert, Jean-Pierre

doi:10.3406/galim.2008.1774

Cited by 2 publications

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“…В работе Ж. П. Гамбера описывается способ изготовления такой доски-шаблона и ее применения, датируемый XVI в. Согласно трактату, приводимому им, в доске из бука или грецкого ореха вырезаются бороздки, чтобы уложить в них лютневые струны, которые затем закрепляются клеем. Бумага клалась поверх доски со струнами и протиралась тряпкой до тех пор, пока струны лютни не оставят на ней след 27 . Другой исследователь М. Дюкан полагал, что для разлиновок шаблоном его надо подложить под лист и затем, проводя рукой, получить отпечаток 28 .…”

Section: A Shibaevunclassified

Ruling Pattern of the Parchment Codices in the Context of the Technological Development of Ancient Russian Booklore

Shibaev

2024

Vestnik SPbSU. History

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At the beginning of the 15th century, there was a process of transition from manual to mechanical ruling or ruling pattern. With this type of ruling, the result was achieved not by running the tip of a knife or an awl over the parchment, but by using a template. A similar tool had been used since the 12th century in Oriental manuscripts and was called “mastara”. In Europe, it was called “tabula ad rigandum” in Latin, “planche à régler” in French, “rule-board” in English. In the Russian tradition it was known as “carax”, “terax”, “kerax”, etc. In Europe, it apparently appeared at the same time as in the Old Russian tradition — at the beginning of the 15th century. The earliest ruling pattern (1403) was found in the copy of Izbornik of 1073 originating from the Moscow Andronikov monastery of the Savior. The main feature of this ruling pattern is the absence of any kind of pricks on the margins of the parchment sheet. The introduction of the template into written practice led to a change in the traditional schemes and principles of ruling of Old Russian parchment codexes. The ruling known patterns with threads of animal or plant origins worked well on paper, but clearly could not leave a mark on a harder material, such as parchment. An experiment was conducted with a specially made template with metal threads and modern parchment, similar in its properties to the medieval one. The result of the successful experiment revealed that the application of the ruling pattern on parchment was only possible if it was preliminarily softened with water.

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Section: A Shibaevunclassified

Ruling Pattern of the Parchment Codices in the Context of the Technological Development of Ancient Russian Booklore

Shibaev

2024

Vestnik SPbSU. History

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“…Roberts & Skeat contend that the possibility that the papyrus codex and the parchment codex developed concurrently should not be discounted, and that in any case, the transition from papyrus to parchment was unrelated to the transition from the scroll to the codex (ibid., pp. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: The Diffusion Of the Codex And Its Late Adoption By The Jewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…474r: ‫הידוע‬ ‫יוסף‬ ‫בן‬ ‫הכהן‬ ‫מבורך‬ ‫רבנא‬ ‫לכבוד‬ ‫המצחף‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ומס'>רתי<‬ ‫ונקדתי‬ ‫כתבתי‬ ‫יעקב‬ ‫בן‬ ‫שמואל‬ ‫אני‬ ‫אזדאד‬ ‫בן‬ 15 The lack of labour division in the copying of a biblical text and whatever accompanies it and the specialisation in the copying of biblical codices, including all layers of the biblical text, is a prominent feature of early biblical manuscripts produced in the Middle East, but occurs in Ashkenaz as well. 16 An example of a colophon by a scribe-vocalizer-Masorete in the Ashkenazic zone is MS Berlin Ms. Or. 4º 9, produced by Eliyahu ben Berakhia in ‫רדום‬ (Rouen 17 , France) in 1233: ‫בן‬ ‫אליהו‬ ‫והנקדן‬ ‫הסופר‬ ‫אני‬ ‫ומסרתי‬ ‫ונקדתי‬ ‫כתבתי‬ <...> ‫הנקדן‬ ‫ברכיה‬ <...> (I, the scribe and vocalizer Elijah ben <…> Berakhia the vocalizer <…> copied, vocalized, and inscribed the Masora).…”

Section: Manuscript Producers -Their Names and Labour Division Among ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the manuscript (fol. 307r) the scribe inscribed the colophon in square script, and noted that he completed his copy on the 4 th day of Ab, 1304: 16 In half of the 16 extant dated manuscripts produced prior to 1028 the scribe both vocalized the text and inscribed the Masora. 17 On this identification of ‫רדום‬ see N. Golb, Les Juifs de Rouen au Moyen Age: portrait d'une culture oubliée, Rouen 1985, pp.…”

Section: Vocalizers Masoretes Illustrators Editors and Bindersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anyway, the earliest extant dated Hebrew codex from Spain was a paper manuscript produced in Muslim Valencia in 1119, one hundred and twenty years before its reconquista by the Christians. 16 During the thirteenth century, only 16% of the extant manuscripts from the zones of Sefardic book culture -namely, the Iberian peninsula, North Africa and Provence -were produced on paper; 17 however, already in the fourteenth century the use of paper increased rapidly: in 41% of the manuscripts were produced in the first half of the century, then 68% in its second half.…”

Section: Chapter 3: Writing Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malachi Beit–Arié (1937—2023)

Iakerson

2023

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English version by Ilana Goldberg Revision of translation and scientific editing Nurit Pasternak List of the complete book chapters and main sub-chaptersChapter 1: Introduction 1. The codex 2. Codicology -development, approaches to the study of hand-produced books, trends 3. Hebrew codicology 4. Extant manuscripts, geo-cultural classification of codicological practices and types of book script 5. The singularity of Hebrew book production 6. The indispensability of the comparative perspective for Hebrew codicology Chapter 2: Colophon components and scribal formulas 2. Destination of copying 3. Dating systems 4. Indication of locality 5. Personal and historical information 6. Information on copying conditions and on the exemplar 7. The duration of copying and its pace 8. Blessings 9. Scribal formulae: at the end of copying, at the beginning, at the lower margin of pages Chapter 3: Writing materials 1. Parchment: visual appearance of Italian, Franco-German (in comparison to Latin manuscripts), Middle Eastern, Sefardic and Byzantine manuscripts 2. Oriental (Arabic) and Occidental paper 3. Combination of paper and parchment (mixed quiring) 4. Ink Chapter 4 Quiring Ordering parchment bifolia and beginning of the quires Quire composition practices Chapter 5: Marking the sequence of quires, bifolia or folios in the codex Catchwords: quire, bifolium, folio, page, column catchwords Counter-catchwords Signatures: types of quire signatures, bifolium and folio numeration Marking the central opening of the quire Chapter 6: The scaffolding of copying -The architectural disposition of the copied text and its techniques Ruling patterns and the dynamic and changing ruling Guiding pricking for horizontals ruling: in outer margins, in outer and inner margins, double prickings for through lines, single prickings for guiding template ruling Relief ruling by hard point: unfolded parchment bifolium on hair side / on flesh side, consecutive folios / bifolia at once on hair side, folio by folio Blind ruling by boards or templates: ruling paper by mastara in the Middle East, by ruling board in Spain and Italy, by folding Coloured ruling: by plummet, engraving plummet and with ink Regional presentation of pricking and ruling practices and their transformations Chapter 7:Line management and its impact on the copying pace and the comfort of reading Line justification which does not interfere with the integrity of last words Line justification which breaks up last words Chapter 8:Legibility of the text, transparency of its structure and the graphic hierarchy of its layers Chapter 9:The affinity between the copying of the text and its decoration, illumination and illustration Chapter 10: Bibliographical, codicological and palaeographical units and methods for distinguishing between hands Chapter 11: Hebrew palaeography: Modes of Medieval book-script, their diffusion and function, script types and their evolution Branches of Hebrew script: The "Islamic", Latin "Christian" and "Byzantine" branch The three-operation mode of the Hebrew script struc...

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Old and New Style. Terminology, and Ruling Systems and Methods

Cited by 2 publications

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Ruling Pattern of the Parchment Codices in the Context of the Technological Development of Ancient Russian Booklore

Ruling Pattern of the Parchment Codices in the Context of the Technological Development of Ancient Russian Booklore

Malachi Beit–Arié (1937—2023)

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