Oil shale pyrolysis kinetics and variable activation energy principle

Influence of pyrolysis condition and transition metal salt on the product yield and characterization via Huadian oil shale pyrolysis

“…Such a finding indicated that the transition metal iron which contained high activity could act as the activation center to accelerate the breakdown of chemical bonds in organic matters. The reduction of apparent activation energy also suggested that the occur of pyrolysis reactions included the disintegration of long-chain alkane, the aromatization of alicyclic compounds and the rupture of heterocyclic compounds would be much easier [17]. Additionally, it should be noted that the pyrolysis of oil shale was considered to be a continuous process, composed by several parallel, simultaneous and complex reactions.…”

“…There were approximately 29% volatiles released in this pyrolysis process. Some researchers noted that it was suitable to operate a series of pyrolysis reactions in this temperature range, involving the kerogen decomposed to from pyrolytic bitumen, and then the pyrolytic bitumen further converted into the cracking gas and other products [2,17,18]. The second stage thus was considered as the main thermal decomposition stage to produce shale oil.…”

Effect of demineralization and heating rate on the pyrolysis kinetics of Jordanian oil shales

“…Other workers [17][18][19][20] suggested kinetic models for cracking reactions and mass loss measurements. Furthermore, it has been shown that the variation of mineral matter has an important effect on the initiation of hydrocarbon release.…”

Detailed kinetic analysis of oil shale pyrolysis TGA data

“…Variations in the application of these concepts exist in the literature, [49][50][51][52] particularly in the manner in which the equations are solved. One of the first applications of the isoconversion method based on the differential form of the rate equation 53 is the Friedman method.…”