Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study

In situ impregnation of cobalt‐doped tungstophosphoric acid on MOF‐801 toward enhanced catalytic activity for esterification

“…The spent Co‐HPW/MOF‐801 was first separated from the reaction products through centrifugation, followed by a thoroughly washing process with methanol, and subjected to drying at 80°C for overnight to be prepared for the next cycle. The experimental results of this investigation exhibited that LA conversion of 86.3% is reduced to 66.1% and 49.1% after the second and third cycles, respectively, and the gradual reduction in the conversion of LA may be attributed to the loss of mass during the washing steps and the Co‐HPW/MOF‐801's acidic active sites are leachable 62–64 . According to the results of XRD and FTIR analysis in Figure 9a,b, the characteristic peaks of used Co‐HPW/MOF‐801 did not have significant differences in the functional or crystalline structure compared to the fresh catalyst; this observation proves that the good structural stability.…”

“…The experimental results of this investigation exhibited that LA conversion of 86.3% is reduced to 66.1% and 49.1% after the second and third cycles, respectively, and the gradual reduction in the conversion of LA may be attributed to the loss of mass during the washing steps and the Co-HPW/MOF-801's acidic active sites are leachable. [62][63][64] According to the results of XRD and FTIR analysis in Figure 9a,b, the characteristic peaks of used Co-HPW/MOF-801 did not have significant differences in the functional or crystalline structure compared to the fresh catalyst; this observation proves that the good structural stability. However, the catalytic activity can be partially recovered by regeneration of the used catalyst, but it requires extensive detailed study.…”

Indigenous Materials as Catalyst Supports for Renewable Diesel Production in Malaysia

“…The catalytic performance of palm kernel shell AC is varied depending on the chemical or physical activation method in the methane reforming reaction as reported by Liew et al It was claimed that the chemically activated catalyst displayed better catalytic performance with regard to the conversions of CH 4 and CO 2 [61]. The microcrystalline cellulose support is producible from empty fruit bunch, allowing a high esterification rate of 92.1% when synthesized with γ-Fe 2 O 3 [62]. The AC derived from corncob and bamboo were reported to have a slightly lower esterification rate (80.4% and 91%) than empty fruit bunch-derived support, with significant low recyclability (28.8% and 47% after 3 cycles for corncob and bamboo-derived catalyst, as compared to 77.6% after 5 cycles for EFB-derived support) [62][63][64].…”

“…The microcrystalline cellulose support is producible from empty fruit bunch, allowing a high esterification rate of 92.1% when synthesized with γ-Fe 2 O 3 [62]. The AC derived from corncob and bamboo were reported to have a slightly lower esterification rate (80.4% and 91%) than empty fruit bunch-derived support, with significant low recyclability (28.8% and 47% after 3 cycles for corncob and bamboo-derived catalyst, as compared to 77.6% after 5 cycles for EFB-derived support) [62][63][64].…”

Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Paper Sludge

“…Wood fiber is the most prevalent industrial source of MCC. Renewable resources that can be utilized to manufacture MCC include coir fiber (Gichuki et al, 2022), oil palm empty fruit bunches (Krishnan et al, 2022), cotton fibers (Do et al, 2022), nata de coco (Nurhadi et al, 2022), birch wood (Tarabanko et al, 2022), flax (Tkachenko et al, 2022), sunflower seed waste (Akatan et al, 2022), and Lagenaria siceraria fruit (Asif et al, 2022). The physical properties of cellulose and MCC are taken from different plants, and their parts vary in water absorbability, polymerization, porosity, and crystallinity (Asif et al, 2022).…”