Oil Gelation Ability of a Rice Bran Wax and Botanical High-Melting-Point Alcohol Mixture

Endo, Midori; Shibata, Masashi

doi:10.5650/jos.ess19058

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These spherical clusters were not observed with commercial, purified CW; therefore, we assumed that resin or hydroxy ester, which is removed by purification, may serve as the crystal nuclei. Such spherical clusters were further observed in the rice bran wax gel, in which the gel hardness was low 11) , but not in hydrocarbon waxes, whose gel hardness was significantly higher (Fig. 1) .…”

Section: Microstructure Of the Gel With Cw And Bbmentioning

confidence: 83%

Enhancement of the Gel Hardness of Candelilla Wax through the Addition of Long-chain Ester Wax Behenyl Behenate

et al. 2022

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carbon waxes.In a previous study, we attempted to improve the gel hardness of rice bran wax by mixing it with various plantderived additives. The addition of a high-melting-point alcohol (higher than C30) to rice bran wax increased its gel hardness to more than three times that of rice bran wax gel or any higher-alcohol gel 11) .However, the obtained gel remained soft, and a hard gel, such as a lipstick made of hydrocarbon wax, was not obtained, potentially because the gel hardness of rice bran wax is the lowest, even among botanical waxes.Therefore, in this study, we used CW instead of rice bran wax. Among the botanical waxes used in cosmetics, CW has the highest hydrocarbon content. Hence, its properties closely resemble those of hydrocarbon waxes 12,13) . Furthermore, the gel hardness of CW is the highest among botanical waxes, and it is used as a gelling agent in food products and cosmetics 14−16) , although its gel hardness is still insuffi-Abstract: Candelilla wax (CW) is used as an oil-gelling agent in cosmetic sticks. However, its hardness is inadequate compared to those of hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin. In this study, behenyl behenate (BB), an additive plant-derived wax ester with a high melting point, was shown to improve the oil-gel hardness of CW. Although the gel with BB alone had a relatively low gel hardness, when BB was mixed with CW at a ratio of 70:30 (CW:BB), the gel hardness significantly increased to four times that of the CW gel. The hardness of the CW and BB mixtures was higher than that of paraffin wax, which is used to solidify cosmetic oils. An increase in gel hardness was not observed when additives with chemical structures similar to those of BB, such as stearyl stearate (which has a lower molecular weight than BB) and behenic acid or behenyl alcohol (which are components of BB), were blended. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of many spherical clusters comprising fine crystallites in the CW gel. This morphology was in contrast to that of paraffin wax gel, in which only plate crystals were observed. It was concluded that this heterogeneous structure led to the low gel hardness of CW. When BB was added to CW, the spherical clusters disappeared, and the internal structure changed to a homogeneous card-house structure composed of plate crystals. Key words: oily gel, gel hardness, candelilla wax, long-chain ester wax, behenyl behenate CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) . This license allows users to share and adapt an article, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given. That is, this license lets others copy, distribute, remix, and build upon the Article, even commercially, provided the original source and Authors are credited.

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Section: Microstructure Of the Gel With Cw And Bbmentioning

confidence: 83%

Enhancement of the Gel Hardness of Candelilla Wax through the Addition of Long-chain Ester Wax Behenyl Behenate

et al. 2022

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“…The first is the transformation from large plate crystals, which form a rough cardhouse structure, to smaller crystals 2) . The second is the disappearance of spherical clusters, which are observed only in the botanical wax gels 7) . From these images, the mechanism of variation in gel hardness was assumed to be as follows.…”

Section: ．Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

植物由来の高純度パラフィンワックスと植物ワックスの混合によるオイルゲル化能制御

NAGATSU

IZAWA

Shibata

2023

Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material

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Oil gels are obtained by heating and mixing oils and solid waxes, followed by cooling. They are mainly used in stick cosmetics, such as lipsticks, foundations, and antiperspirants 1) . Hydrocarbon waxes, such as paraffin waxes and synthetic waxes, are mainly used as gelling agents for oil gels 2,3) . However, the replacement of hydrocarbon waxes by botanical waxes from the point of view of substitution by renewable resources and regulation of petroleum-or mineralderived ingredients in the cosmetic industry is desired.However, the oil gel hardness of botanical waxes (such as rice bran wax, carnauba wax, and candelilla wax) is much lower than that of petroleum-derived waxes 4) . Many studies have been conducted to improve the gel hardness of botanical wax. Mixing different types of waxes sometimes causes gel hardness to vary. For example, a mixture of higher alcohols and fatty acids 5) , a mixture of candelilla wax and carnauba wax 4) , the addition of high-purity esters to candelilla wax 6) , and the addition of high-melting-point alcohols to rice bran wax 7) , can improve gel hardness.Gel hardness can be increased by removing impurities from the botanical waxes and obtaining only the main component. Currently, highly purified botanical waxes, such as hydrocarbon and ester mixture extracted from candelilla wax, and hydrocarbon extracted from rice bran wax are commercially available. However, the gel hardness of these highly purified waxes is still lower than that of commercial hydrocarbon waxes.

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“…Therefore, various attempts have been made to strengthen the wax oil gel structure. For example, mixing normal paraffin wax with branched paraffin wax 1) , mixing normal paraffin wax with center-branched wax, bis (polyethylenyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 6) , mixing rice bran wax with botanical High-Melting-Point Alcohol 7) , and mixing candelilla wax with behenyl behenate 8) have all been attempted. Development of these wax compositions has allowed researchers to demonstrate that the hardness of wax oil gel can be increased by reducing the size of the wax crystals in the gel and increasing the contact strength between the wax crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%