Oil from<i>Calanus finmarchicus</i>—Composition and Possible Use: A Review

Pedersen, Alice Marie; Vang, Birthe; Olsen, Ragnar L.

doi:10.1080/10498850.2012.741662

Cited by 22 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…The composition of the different lipid classes in the oil in Cf changes depending on the copepod life-cycle stage at the time of harvest, season, and location of sampling (Falk-Petersen et al, 1987;Fraser et al, 1989) (see also Tables 1 and 2). The industrially produced oil is obtained in the summer when C. finmarchicus is in surface waters and has the highest lipid content due to feeding on the blooming phytoplankton (Pedersen et al, 2014b).Throughout its 1-year life cycle, the lipid content and fatty acid composition of C. finmarchicus changes, depending on the life stage/season (Kattner and Krause, 1987). In this Calanus ® Oil, more than 85% of the lipids consist of wax esters (Pedersen et al, 2014a) (see also Table 2).…”

Section: Oil Extracted From Calanus Finmarchicusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phospholipids are, however, not detected in the commercial Calanus ® Oil (Pedersen et al, 2014a) probably due to endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis (Vang et al, 2013). The oil has also been reported to contain about 1500 ppm astaxanthin (Pedersen et al, 2014b). This antioxidant has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic potential, which has been extensively studied in both humans and animals (Jacobsson et al, 1999;Jacobsson et al, 2004;Pashkow et al, 2008;Yang et al, 2011a).…”

Section: Oil Extracted From Calanus Finmarchicusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calanus finmarchicus (Cf), a small marine copepod (Figure 1), constitutes a considerable proportion of the biomass in the Norwegian Sea (Planque and Batten, 2000) and is currently being harvested and industrially processed to an oil product, Calanus ® Oil (Pedersen et al, 2014b). Calanus finmarchicus is an important prey item for many ecologically and economically important fish species such as herring and mackerel (Prokopchuk and Sentyabov, 2006), and harvesting lower down the food web can have serious impacts on the recruitment and survival of these planktivorous fish species if not done with care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

et al. 2020

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The consumption of seafood and the use of fish oil for the production of nutraceuticals and fish feed have increased over the past decades due the high content of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. This increase has put pressure on the sustainability of fisheries. One way to overcome the limited supply of fish oil is to harvest lower in the marine food web. Calanus finmarchicus, feeding on phytoplankton, is a small copepod constituting a considerable biomass in the North Atlantic and is a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids. The oil is, however, different from other commercial marine oils in terms of chemistry and, possibly, bioactivity since it contains wax esters. Wax esters are fatty acids that are esterified with alcohols. In addition to the long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the oil is also rich in stearidonic acid (SDA), long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, and the long-chain fatty alcohols eicosenol and docosenol. Recent animal studies have indicated antiinflammatory and anti-obesogenic actions of this copepod oil beyond that provided by EPA and DHA. This review will discuss potential mechanisms behind these beneficial effects of the oil, focusing on the impact of the various components of the oil. The health effects of EPA and DHA are well recognized, whereas long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols have to a large degree been overlooked in relation to human health. Recently, however the fatty alcohols have received interest as potential targets for improved health via conversion to their corresponding fatty acids. Together, the different lipid components of the oil from C. finmarchicus may have potential as nutraceuticals for reducing obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

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Section: Oil Extracted From Calanus Finmarchicusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oil Extracted From Calanus Finmarchicusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

et al. 2020

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“…A large number of scientific publications over the last few decades have demonstrated numerous beneficial health effects of a high intake of these long-chain omega-3 FAs (for a review, see [1]) and this has led to a significant industry delivering dietary supplements containing one or both of these two FAs. The source of the omega-3 s in these products is for the most part fatty fish, but various crustacean species like krill [2] and copepods [3], as well as algae [4], are also utilized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The time course of erythrocyte membrane fatty acid concentrations during and after treatment of non-human primates with increasing doses of an omega-3 rich phospholipid preparation derived from krill-oil

Hals¹,

Wang

Piscitelli

et al. 2017

Lipids Health Dis

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BackgroundA commonly used measure to reflect the intake of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA is the omega-3 index, defined as the sum of EPA + DHA as % of total fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane. When the omega-3 index changes it follows that the relative fractions of other fatty acids in the membrane are also changed. In the present study, increasing doses of a preparation of omega-3 rich phospholipids extracted from krill oil were administered orally to non-human primates for 12 weeks and the time course of EPA, DHA and 22 other fatty acids in erythrocytes was determined bi-weekly during treatment and for 8 weeks after cessation of treatment. Plasma concentrations of six endocannabinoid-type mediators being downstream metabolites of some fatty acids analyzed in erythrocytes were also determined.MethodsSix diabetic, dyslipidemic non-human primates were included, three in a vehicle control group and three being treated with the omega-3 rich phospholipid preparation. The vehicle control and test items were given daily by gavage and the test item doses were 50, 150 and 450 mg phospholipids/kg/day. Each dose level was given for four weeks. Blood was sampled at baseline and thereafter bi-weekly. Fatty acids were determined in erythrocytes by methylation followed by gas-chromatography. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like mediators were analyzed in plasma by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry.ResultsThe treatment resulted in a dose-related increase in the fraction of EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes and a dose-related decrease of other poly-unsaturated fatty acids, in particular omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Erythrocyte concentrations of saturated fatty acids remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like mediators changed accordingly as those being downstream arachidonic acid decreased, downstream of the saturated palmitic and oleic acids remained unchanged while a downstream EPA metabolite increased.ConclusionIncreasing the omega-3 index by administering an omega-3 rich phospholipid extracted from krill oil did not alter the ratio of unsaturated vs. saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membranes but only the relative concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular unsaturated omega-6 fatty acids. Concentrations of saturated fatty acids remained unchanged.

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“…The calanoid copepod, Calanus finmarchicus , which is present in large amounts in the North Atlantic and may be harvested in a sustainable way , has been suggested as a novel source of marine PUFA . In addition, oil from C. finmarchicus has a high content of stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n‐3) similar to that of some specialized seed oils, such as Echium oil .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid profile of mice fed a high‐fat diet supplemented with a wax ester‐rich marine oil

Pedersen

Salma

Höper

et al. 2014

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Oil extracted from the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus contains the long chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA in addition to stearidonic acid (18:4n-3). Unlike other marine lipids, the fatty acids in this oil are esterified with long chain fatty alcohols as wax esters. The aim of this study was to examine the fate of the wax esters in oil from C. finmarchicus when given as a 2% supplement in a high fat diet to C57BL/6J mice for 11 weeks. The study confirmed that feeding mice a high fat diet supplemented with a small amount of oil containing wax esters reduced the body weight gain. During digestion, wax esters were hydrolyzed and the fatty acids absorbed since the fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue and liver reflected the enrichment with the Calanus oil. The composition of the liver lipids demonstrated elongation and desaturation of the C18 omega-3 fatty acids from the feed and accumulation of longer chained omega-3 fatty acids. Elevated levels of FFA and FAOH in the feces suggest that the absorption process, not the hydrolysis, could be a rate limiting step in utilization of small amounts of wax esters included in high fat diets in mice.Practical applications: The limited amount of available fish oil has led to extensive search for alternative sources of long-chain PUFA. One suggestion is to harvest at lower trophic levels, like small crustaceans, which may be abundantly present in the oceans. In this investigation, we have studied the effects of including the astaxanthin-rich oil from the marine copepod C. finmarchicus in a high fat diet in mice. This oil is different from other marine oils since most of the fatty acids are esterified to long-chain fatty alcohols, not in TAG, and that stearidonic acid is the major omega-3 fatty acid present. The results provide knowledge and understanding of aspects related to digestion and possible physiological effects of including small amounts of marine wax esters in diets.Abbreviations: ALA, alpha linolenic acid; þCal, inclusion of 2% calanus oil; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EE, ethyl ester; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; eWat, epididymal white adipose tissue; FAOH, fatty alcohol; FFA, free fatty acid; HFD, high fat diet; HPLC-ELSD, HPLC coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector; LC-PUFA, long-chain PUFA; pWat, perirenal white adipose tissue; SDA, stearidonic acid; WE, wax ester 1718Eur.

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Oil fromCalanus finmarchicus—Composition and Possible Use: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 73 publications

Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

The time course of erythrocyte membrane fatty acid concentrations during and after treatment of non-human primates with increasing doses of an omega-3 rich phospholipid preparation derived from krill-oil

Lipid profile of mice fed a high‐fat diet supplemented with a wax ester‐rich marine oil

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