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Die Entwicklungsfähigkeit des Sehens, die dem Sehenlernen Maltes in Paris zugrunde liegt, ist keine Erfindung Rilkes, sondern eine Vorstellung, die in die Aufklärung zurückreicht. Als Reaktion gegen die anfängliche Betonung des im kognitiven Sinne ,,richtigen‘‘ Sehens im Zeichenunterricht des 18. Jahrhunderts entstand um 1900 eine u.a. von John Ruskin und der Kunsterziehungsbewegung inspirierte Pflege eines eher kontemplativen ,,künstlerischen‘‘ Sehens, das von Rilke weiterentwickelt wurde. Von der Kunst Cézannes beeinflusst, nutzte er verschiedene Aspekte der binokularen Raumwahrnehmung, um abstoßende Gesichtseindrücke in die Totalität des ,,Seienden‘‘ einzuordnen. Durch dieses neue Sehen versucht Malte, die abschreckenden Aspekte seines Pariserlebnisses zu verarbeiten, gleichzeitig zeichnen sich erhellende Zusammenhänge zwischen der Bedeutung des Gesichtssinns im mittleren Werk Rilkes, etwa auch in den Neuen Gedichten, und der Sichtbarkeitsproblematik im Spätwerk, z.B. in den Duineser Elegien, ab.
Die Entwicklungsfähigkeit des Sehens, die dem Sehenlernen Maltes in Paris zugrunde liegt, ist keine Erfindung Rilkes, sondern eine Vorstellung, die in die Aufklärung zurückreicht. Als Reaktion gegen die anfängliche Betonung des im kognitiven Sinne ,,richtigen‘‘ Sehens im Zeichenunterricht des 18. Jahrhunderts entstand um 1900 eine u.a. von John Ruskin und der Kunsterziehungsbewegung inspirierte Pflege eines eher kontemplativen ,,künstlerischen‘‘ Sehens, das von Rilke weiterentwickelt wurde. Von der Kunst Cézannes beeinflusst, nutzte er verschiedene Aspekte der binokularen Raumwahrnehmung, um abstoßende Gesichtseindrücke in die Totalität des ,,Seienden‘‘ einzuordnen. Durch dieses neue Sehen versucht Malte, die abschreckenden Aspekte seines Pariserlebnisses zu verarbeiten, gleichzeitig zeichnen sich erhellende Zusammenhänge zwischen der Bedeutung des Gesichtssinns im mittleren Werk Rilkes, etwa auch in den Neuen Gedichten, und der Sichtbarkeitsproblematik im Spätwerk, z.B. in den Duineser Elegien, ab.
Rilke is the modern writer for whom space is most thematically prominent, and who is persistently invoked in major theories of poetic or literary space. 1 While much scholarly attention has been devoted to the study of space in his poetry, novel, and writings on art, 2 the range of innovative renderings of space in the insufficiently examined short prose works has remained almost entirely overlooked. In his stories and narrative essays, traditional setting is considerably transformed, as depicted space is integrated into perceptions or narrative reflections, or the spatial qualities of the text itself. In other short prose writings, Rilke transposes sense-regions, personifies objects, and uses spatial metaphors to intensify localities. Exceeding the limits of empirical perception, Rilke develops in prose a range of innovative means for evoking the alternative spatiality of interstitial space. While spatiality in Rilke has been almost exclusively characterized in scholarship and popular reception as a lyrical "Weltinnenraum," this notion can be seen as one highpoint within the development of a more encompassing and differentiated structure of the spatial imagination, the "Zwischenraum." 3 In the short prose works emerge inter-phenomenal Zwischenräume that are neither available to ordinary perception, nor compatible with the premises of modern scientific consciousness. "Interstitial" space is meant broadly, indicating not merely the intervening space between fixed empirical or geometrical points, but space constituted by striking renegotiations of the relation between different positions within experience or between different forms of experience. These interstitial spaces are not measurable by empirical means and must be achieved through poetic effort. In many short prose works, space is given a hermeneutic role, so that the reader is invited to imagine interstitial forms of spatial meaning.Among Rilke's short prose works are individual Erzählungen and series of tales, the settings of which are diverse. 4 Space in the non-fictional short prose is, however, as prominent as the settings of his stories, and the poetological connections are more explicit. The difficulty of classifying these texts has been noted, 5 but it can be said that in these works as in the Erzählungen, Rilke intensifies the relevance of space through strategies of spatial evocation which are interstitial in the sense described above. These strategies include: transposition of background or personification of natural surrounding ele-
In Rilke’s novel Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, the Parisian scene is conceived as a stage; the main character has been considered as the author’s alter ego or Doppelgänger, who is going to face the most alienating and fearful aspects of the modern metropole. Rilke’s project involves a new use of sight and perception in which the boundary between the inner and outer world is continuously crossed so that Malte – and the reader at the same time – starts to doubt the traditional categories of acknowledgement. Despite all negative aspects of this split scene of modernity, characterised by forgetfulness and alienation, Malte is very likely to eventually die, completely forgotten by his ghostly family – this loss of individuality and possession is also able to enhance a kind of negative capability, representing the condition to make a new start, e.g. a lyrical program expressing the paradox of Life, where life seems to be no longer possible. The formal fragmentation of Rilke’s novel and its lack of traditional unity reflect the split scene of the subject, thus foreshadowing the clash between sign and meaning, between angel and puppet, which will be put on stage in the crucial passage of the Fourth Elegy, where the I is depicted as a spectator in front of the curtain of his own heart.
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