Off-fault tip splay networks: A genetic and generic property of faults indicative of their long-term propagation

Perrin, C.; Manighetti, Isabelle; Gaudemer, Y.

doi:10.1016/j.crte.2015.05.002

Cited by 70 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Our preferred interpretation was provided by Kirby and Harkins (), that crustal thickening across the Anyemaqen Shan and clockwise rotation of the eastern Kunlun Fault, driven by the NE‐striking dextral shear across it, now associated with the Longriba fault zone (Xu et al, ), accommodate the eastward decrease in slip rate. We note that variations in the slip rate along long faults (e.g., the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun Faults) may also be a useful test for models of along‐strike fault propagation (Perrin et al, ; Perrin Manighetti, & Gaudemer, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal Deformation in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements

et al. 2017

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The India‐Eurasia collision zone is the largest deforming region on the planet; direct measurements of present‐day deformation from Global Positioning System (GPS) have the potential to discriminate between competing models of continental tectonics. But the increasing spatial resolution and accuracy of observations have only led to increasingly complex realizations of competing models. Here we present the most complete, accurate, and up‐to‐date velocity field for India‐Eurasia available, comprising 2576 velocities measured during 1991–2015. The core of our velocity field is from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China‐I/II: 27 continuous stations observed since 1999; 56 campaign stations observed annually during 1998–2007; 1000 campaign stations observed in 1999, 2001, 2004, and 2007; 260 continuous stations operating since late 2010; and 2000 campaign stations observed in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. We process these data and combine the solutions in a consistent reference frame with stations from the Global Strain Rate Model compilation, then invert for continuous velocity and strain rate fields. We update geodetic slip rates for the major faults (some vary along strike), and find that those along the major Tibetan strike‐slip faults are in good agreement with recent geological estimates. The velocity field shows several large undeforming areas, strain focused around some major faults, areas of diffuse strain, and dilation of the high plateau. We suggest that a new generation of dynamic models incorporating strength variations and strain‐weakening mechanisms is required to explain the key observations. Seismic hazard in much of the region is elevated, not just near the major faults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal Deformation in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements

et al. 2017

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“…Strike‐slip faults that are hundreds of kilometers long formed from smaller defects (e.g., Hirsch, ; Regenauer‐Lieb & Yuen, ; Regenauer‐Lieb et al, ) and grow larger as they accommodate more strain (e.g., Nur et al, ; Perrin, Manighetti, Gaudemer, et al, , Perrin, Manighetti, Ampuero, et al, ). As a result, faults are large complex zones of fractured rock and slip surfaces that are inherently composite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic and Aseismic Fault Growth Lead to Different Fault Orientations

et al. 2019

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Orientations of natural fault systems are subject to large variations. They often contradict classical Coulomb failure theory as they are misoriented relative to the regional Andersonian stress field. This is ascribed to local effects of structural or stress heterogeneities and reorientations of structures or stresses on the long term. To better understand the relation between fault orientation and regional stresses, we simulate spontaneous fault growth and its effect on the stress field. Our approach incorporates earthquake rupture dynamics, viscoelastoplastic brittle deformation and a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction formulation in a continuum mechanics framework. We investigate how strike‐slip faults orient according to local and far‐field stresses during their growth. We identify two modes of fault growth, seismic and aseismic, distinguished by different fault angles and slip velocities. Seismic fault growth causes a significant elevation of dynamic stresses and friction values ahead of the propagating fault tip. These elevated quantities result in a greater strike angle relative to the maximum principal regional stress than that of a fault segment formed aseismically. When compared to the near‐tip time‐dependent stress field the fault orientations produced by both growth modes follow the classical failure theory. We demonstrate how the two types of fault growth may be distinguished in natural faults by comparing their angles relative to the original regional maximum principal stress. A stress field analysis of the Landers‐Kickapoo fault suggests that an angle greater than ∼25° between two faults indicates seismic fault growth.

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“…If considered as cumulative damage features [e.g., Perrin et al, 2016], imbricate faults could lead to an interpretation of a thicker damage zone. Damage zone thickness may also scale with parent fault length [Vermilye and Scholz, 1998;Davatzes and Aydin, 2003;de Joussineau et al, 2007], in which case a subduction fault damage zone could be very thick.…”

Section: 1002/2015jb012311mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the rate of decrease in structure density and damage zone thickness vary significantly for different faults, contributing to scattered scaling relations between damage zone characteristics and displacement [e.g., Hull, 1988;Evans, 1990;Knott et al, 1996;Shipton et al, 2006;Childs et al, 2009;Faulkner et al, 2011a;Savage and Brodsky, 2011]. Damage zone thickness may also scale with parent fault length [Vermilye and Scholz, 1998;Davatzes and Aydin, 2003;de Joussineau et al, 2007;Perrin et al, 2016].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Keren

Kirkpatrick

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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Fault damage zones record the integrated deformation caused by repeated slip on faults and reflect the conditions that control slip behavior. To investigate the Japan Trench décollement, we characterized the damage zone close to the fault from drill core recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 (Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST)). Core‐scale and microscale structures include phyllosilicate bands, shear fractures, and joints. They are most abundant near the décollement and decrease in density sharply above and below the fault. Power law fits describing the change in structure density with distance from the fault result in decay exponents (n) of 1.57 in the footwall and 0.73 in the hanging wall. Microstructure decay exponents are 1.09 in the footwall and 0.50 in the hanging wall. Observed damage zone thickness is on the order of a few tens of meters. Core‐scale structures dip between ~10° and ~70° and are mutually crosscutting. Compared to similar offset faults, the décollement has large decay exponents and a relatively narrow damage zone. Motivated by independent constraints demonstrating that the plate boundary is weak, we tested if the observed damage zone characteristics could be consistent with low‐friction fault. Quasi‐static models of off‐fault stresses and deformation due to slip on a wavy, frictional fault under conditions similar to the JFAST site predict that low‐friction fault produces narrow damage zones with no preferred orientations of structures. These results are consistent with long‐term frictional weakness on the décollement at the JFAST site.

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Off-fault tip splay networks: A genetic and generic property of faults indicative of their long-term propagation

Cited by 70 publications

References 81 publications

Crustal Deformation in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements

Crustal Deformation in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements

Seismic and Aseismic Fault Growth Lead to Different Fault Orientations

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

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