Off‐fault deformations and shallow slip deficit from dynamic rupture simulations with fault zone plasticity

Roten, Daniel; Olsen, Kim B.; Day, Steven M.

doi:10.1002/2017gl074323

Cited by 66 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The modeled SSD on a non-planar yet single fault plane model of the Landers system ranges between 42.9% (good quality rock) and 28.0% (high quality rock) [Roten et al, 2017], consistent with slip inversion results.…”

Section: The Shallow Slip Deficit and Stress Dropsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Besides geometric effects, a lower D c can be attributed to the effect of offfault plasticity [Roten et al, 2017;Wollherr et al, 2018].…”

Section: Frictional Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While Xu et al [2016] argue that the majority of inferred SSD is a result of poor resolution of near-fault surface data in slip inversions, it is often attributed to coseismically occurring plastic deformation at shallow depths [e.g., Kaneko and Fialko, 2011;Milliner et al, 2015]. Numerical models show that shallow slip is already reduced by 18.6 % in simulations with purely elastic material properties [supplemental material of Roten et al, 2017]. The SSD in their simulations is further increased when accounting for off-fault plasticity, but depends on the underlying bulk cohesion model (higher SSD with lower rock quality).…”

Section: The Shallow Slip Deficit and Stress Dropmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Landers region, the main near-surface rock type is granodiorite [Dibblee, 1967]. Correspondingly, we assume a relatively undamaged granite-type rock, described as "good quality rock" in Roten et al [2017]) who use a Hoek-Brown model to constrain cohesion values for a given rock type and damage level. We therefore define a depthdependent parametrization of cohesion, ranging from c = 2.5 MPa at the surface to c = 30 MPa at 6 km depth and c = 50 MPa at 14 km depth.…”

Section: Bulk Properties and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A significant slip reduction towards the shallow part of the faults is inferred, known as shallow slip deficit (SSD), which is often attributed to plastic deformation [Fialko et al, 2005;Kaneko and Fialko, 2011;Milliner et al, 2015;Gombert et al, 2018]. Simulations on a single, planar fault plane reveal that purely elastic simulations underpredict the SSD [Roten et al, 2017] as well as ground motions [Roten et al, 2014[Roten et al, , 2015. Wollherr et al [2018] includes the full geometrical complexity of the fault system in scenario calculations demonstrating that spatio-temporal rupture transfers are significantly altered by off-fault plasticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Gabriel

Wollherr

Schliwa

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Key Points:• A new integrative physics-based simulation of the 1992 Landers earthquake reproduces a broad range of independent observation • Sustained dynamic rupture interconnecting the complex fault segments constraints pre-stress and fault strength • We discuss the interplay of rupture transfers, geometric fault complexity, initial stress, viscoelastic attenuation, and off-fault plasticity AbstractThe 1992 M w 7.3 Landers earthquake is perhaps one of the best studied seismic events. However, many aspects of the dynamics of the rupture process are still puzzling, e.g. how did rupture transfer between fault segments? We present 3D spontaneous dynamic rupture simulations of a new degree of realism, incorporating the interplay of fault geometry, topography, 3D rheology, off-fault plasticity and viscoelastic attenuation. The surprisingly unique scenario reproduces a broad range of observations, including final slip distribution, seismic moment-rate function, seismic waveform characteristics and peak ground velocities, as well as shallow slip deficits and mapped off-fault deformation patterns. Sustained dynamic rupture of all fault segments in general, and rupture transfers in particular, put strong constraints on amplitude and orientation of initial fault stresses and friction. Source dynamics include dynamic triggering over large distances and direct branching; rupture terminates spontaneously on most of the principal fault segments. We achieve good agreement between synthetic and observed waveform characteristics and associated peak ground velocities. Despite very complex rupture evolution, ground motion variability is close to what is commonly assumed in Ground Motion Prediction Equations. We examine the effects of variations in modeling parameterization, e.g. purely elastic setups or models neglecting viscoelastic attenuation, in comparison to our preferred model. Our integrative dynamic modeling approach demonstrates the potential of consistent in-scale earthquake rupture simulations for augmenting earthquake source observations and improving the understanding of earthquake source physics of complex, segmented fault systems.

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Section: The Shallow Slip Deficit and Stress Dropsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Besides geometric effects, a lower D c can be attributed to the effect of offfault plasticity [Roten et al, 2017;Wollherr et al, 2018].…”

Section: Frictional Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Shallow Slip Deficit and Stress Dropmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bulk Properties and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Gabriel

Wollherr

Schliwa

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Deterministic ground motion simulations with shallow crust nonlinearity at Garner Valley in Southern California

Seylabi

Restrepo

Taborda

et al. 2020

Earthq Engng Struct Dyn

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We present deterministic ground motion simulations that account for the cyclic multiaxial response of sediments in the shallow crust. We use the Garner Valley in Southern California as a test case. The multiaxial constitutive model is based on the bounding surface plasticity theory in terms of total stress and is implemented in a high-performance computing finite-element parallel code. A major advantage of this model is the small number of free parameters that need to be calibrated given a shear modulus reduction curve and the ultimate soil strength. This, in turn, makes the model suitable for regional-scale simulations, where geotechnical data in the shallow crust are scarce. In this paper, we first describe a series of numerical experiments designed to verify the model implementation. This is followed by a series of idealized large-scale simulations in a 35 × 26 × 4.5 km 3 domain that encompasses the Garner Valley downhole array site, which is an instrumented and well-characterized site in Southern California. Material properties were extracted from the Southern California Earthquake Center Community velocity model, CVM-S4.26, considering its optional geotechnical layer, while the modulus reduction curves and soil strength were selected empirically to constrain the nonlinear soil model parameters. Our nonlinear simulations suggest that peak ground displacements within the valley increase relative to the linear case, while peak ground accelerations can increase or decrease, depending on the frequency content of the excitation. The comparisons of our simulations against hybrid three-dimensional-one-dimensional site response analyses suggest the inadequacy of the latter to capture the complexity of fully three-dimensional simulations.

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Lithospheric deformation due to the 2015 M7.2 Sarez (Pamir) earthquake constrained by 5 years of space geodetic observations

Fialko¹,

Jin²,

Zubovich³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Institional Repository GFZpublic: https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/The Pamir orogen, situated at the north-west edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is a result of collision due to the ongoing northward impingement of the Indian continent into Eurasia (Figure 1). The Pamir thrust system (PTS), located at the northern margin of the orogen, accommodates ∼13-19 mm/yr of the Indian-Eurasia convergence, as indicated by the GNSS observations (e.g., Ischuk et al., 2013;Zubovich et al., 2010;Zubovich et al., 2016). This is about one half of the total convergence rate between the Indian and the Eurasian plates at this longitude (∼34 mm/ yr), which makes the Pamir thrust system one of the fastest deforming regions in the entire India-Asia collision zone. Much of the observed seismicity is associated with the frontal thrust system (e.g.,

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Off‐fault deformations and shallow slip deficit from dynamic rupture simulations with fault zone plasticity

Cited by 66 publications

References 83 publications

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Deterministic ground motion simulations with shallow crust nonlinearity at Garner Valley in Southern California

Lithospheric deformation due to the 2015 M7.2 Sarez (Pamir) earthquake constrained by 5 years of space geodetic observations

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