Off-design simulation and mathematical modeling of small-scale CHP plants at part loads

Simulation and optimization of a CHP biomass plant and district heating network

“…The most important difference is of course the selling of the electricity which decrease the cost of heat generated by the CHP plant. On the other hand, when comparing the backup natural gas boilers, the table exhibits that the heat generated by the CHP plant is not economically viable even if the quotas on the emissions level are considered 5 …”

“…However, at the level of feasibility studies, rule of thumbs based on existing installations are often used which does not guarantee a competitive cost of heat. While methodologies exist to integrate CHP systems, the considered conversion efficiencies are most of the time based on correlation from existing plants and whose generalization is not guaranteed (e.g., [5,6]). Some more detailed models, even dynamic models, can be found in the literature [7], yet their integration on the basis of the demand curve along a typical year is not considered.…”

Model-based multi-parametric programming strategies towards the integration of design, control and operational optimization

“…The relatively new technology of the PEMFC lacks of liability due to limited operational testing for a significant amount of time but o ers great advantages such as low acoustic noise and no vibration [361]. [238,281] Design and development of domestic trigeneration systems Savola et al (2005Savola et al ( , 2007 [315,316] Small scale CHP model development and MINLP formulation maximizing production objectives Wu et al (2006) [361] Review on Combined cooling, heat and power cogeneration systems Onovwiona et al (2006) [263] Technology review on heat and power cogeneration systems Videla et al (2006) [348] Modeling and dynamic simulation of small scale internal combustion based CHP systems Cockroft et al (2006) [78] Assessment of power sources for cogeneration Dorer et al (2009) [92] Energy, environmental and performance studies on PEMFC, SOFC, Stirling engine and internal combustion engine based residential cogeneration Collazos et al (2009) [79] Optimal control with mixed integer formulation and stochastic elements for micro generation in domestic applications Konstantinidis et al…”

Energy evaluation of steam-water cycle operation with mathematical modelling application

“…Internal efficiency η i of the adiabatic process is modelled on the basis of the empirical functions presented in literature [7,12,13]. Among the analysed forms of the internal efficiency equation for group of stages, satisfying calculation results brings the relation:…”

“…Leaks from valvesĠ v72 ,Ġ v74 and steam and vapour mass flows from the external glandṡ [1,4,5,[7][8][9][10]13,15] and internal efficiency equation [7,9,12,13] were analysed. One of the most common form of the steam flow capacity equation is Flügel's equation which combines pressure, temperature and the mass flow of steam in group of stages.…”