Off-axis quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy using a pulsed nanosecond mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator

Lassen, Mikael; Lamard, Laurent; Feng, Yuyang; Péremans, A.; Petersen, J. C.

doi:10.1364/ol.41.004118

Cited by 47 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A refined version of the singe tube off beam resonator has been shown by a T-shape resonator consisting of a main pipe and a short branch pipe [23], exhibiting comparable improvements in sensitivity as the on-beam configuration. A slightly different way of protecting the QTF from unwanted scattered irradiation based on the use of two acoustically coupled micro-resonators was also presented [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy-based sensor for hydrogen sulfide trace gas detection using a mode-hop-free external cavity quantum cascade laser

et al. 2017

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recommended by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is 5 ppmv [2]. The permissible exposure limit value for H 2 S is 10 ppmv, the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) level is 300 ppmv and lethal concentrations are in the range of 2000 ppmv [2]. In practice, concentrations ranging from sub-ppmv levels at low pressures to several per cents at atmospheric conditions need to be monitored. Despite a variety of online monitoring options for gaseous H 2 S, its reliable quantitative and selective determination still remains challenging in the field of chemical sensors [3][4][5].In the field of laser spectroscopy, the constant improvement of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) has led to their application as reliable sources of coherent light ranging from the mid-infrared (MIR) to the terahertz spectral region for sensitive detection of molecular species on their fundamental vibrational, respectively, rotational bands [6][7][8][9]. Due to their tailorable emission wavelength, high output power, compactness, narrow spectral linewidth, and wavelength tuneability, QCLs are optimal choices for spectroscopic applications. In addition, optical resonator designs are constantly improved over the years with the distributed feedback (DFB) [10] and the external cavity (EC) [11] approach being the most prominent ones. A general aim with respect to the ongoing development of QCLs for sensing applications is to reduce the line width of the emitted radiation to a minimum while achieving a spectral coverage as large as possible. So far, EC-QCLs offer the largest tuning range which, depending on the employed gain medium, may cover up to several hundreds of wavenumbers. The external cavity design facilitates broadband spectral tuning by an external diffraction grating, while the selection of the emission wavelength takes place by changing the grating angle relative to the QCL chip.Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) trace gas detection based on off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy using a continuous wave (CW), mode-hop-free external cavity (EC) quantum cascade laser tunable from 1310 to 1210 cm −1 was performed. A 1σ minimum detection limit of 492 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) using a 1 s lock-in time constant was obtained by targeting the line centered at 1234.58 cm . This value corresponds to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient for H 2 S of 3.05 × 10 −9 W cm −1 Hz −1/2 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy-based sensor for hydrogen sulfide trace gas detection using a mode-hop-free external cavity quantum cascade laser

et al. 2017

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“…The acoustic system composed of a tuning fork and an acoustic resonator is referred to as a QEPAS spectrophone. The acoustic resonators used so far consisted of two metallic tubes aligned perpendicular to the QTF plane (dual-tube spectrophone) in an on-beam QEPAS configuration, or a single tube aligned parallel or in proximity to the QTF in the so-called off-beam QEPAS configuration [6][7][8][9]. In an off-beam QEPAS configuration, the tube length is determined by the QTF resonance mode frequency, since the resonant acoustic pressure antinode must be located at the center of the tube.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz–enhanced photoacoustic spectrophones exploiting custom tuning forks: a review

Patimisco

Sampaolo

Zheng

et al. 2016

Advances in Physics: X

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A detailed review on the design and realization of spectrophones exploiting custom quartz tuning forks (QTFs) aimed to applications of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic (QEPAS) trace-gas sensors is reported. A spectrophone consists of a custom QTF and a micro-resonator system based on a pair of tubes (dual-tube configuration) or a single-tube. The influence of the QTF and resonator tube geometry and sizes on the main spectrophone parameters determining the QEPAS performance, specifically the quality factor Q and the resonance frequency has been investigated. Results obtained previously are reviewed both when the QTF vibrates on the fundamental and the first overtone flexural modes. We also report new results obtained with a novel QTF design. Finally, we compare the QEPAS performance of all the different spectrophone configurations reported in terms of signal-tonoise ratio and provide relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.

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“…Researchers have discussed the theoretical behavior of acoustic resonant cells in the audible frequency range for conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy using a microphone [10,11,12]. In ultrasound, photoacoustic spectroscopy systems have been developed using a quartz tuning fork instead of a microphone [13,14,15,16]. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is based on a resonantly operated acoustic sensor and acoustic cells optimized for the resonance of the quartz tuning fork [14,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In ultrasound, photoacoustic spectroscopy systems have been developed using a quartz tuning fork instead of a microphone [13,14,15,16]. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is based on a resonantly operated acoustic sensor and acoustic cells optimized for the resonance of the quartz tuning fork [14,15,16]. However, the resonance of a conventional microphone with a resonance-matched photoacoustic cell has not yet been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergetic Resonance Matching of a Microphone and a Photoacoustic Cell

Sim

Ahn

Huh

et al. 2017

Sensors

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We propose an approach to match the resonant characteristics of a photoacoustic cell with that of a microphone in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the photoacoustic sensor system. The synergetic resonance matching of a photoacoustic cell and a microphone was achieved by observing that photoacoustic cell resonance is merged with microphone resonance, in addition to conducting numerical and analytical simulations. Using this approach, we show that the signal-to-noise ratio was increased 3.5-fold from the optimized to non-optimized cell in the photoacoustic spectroscopy system. The present work is expected to have a broad impact on a number of applications, from improving weak photoacoustic signals in photoacoustic spectroscopy to ameliorating various sensors that use acoustic resonant filters.

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Off-axis quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy using a pulsed nanosecond mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator

Cited by 47 publications

References 29 publications

Off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy-based sensor for hydrogen sulfide trace gas detection using a mode-hop-free external cavity quantum cascade laser

Off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy-based sensor for hydrogen sulfide trace gas detection using a mode-hop-free external cavity quantum cascade laser

Quartz–enhanced photoacoustic spectrophones exploiting custom tuning forks: a review

Synergetic Resonance Matching of a Microphone and a Photoacoustic Cell

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