Of fin and fur: mutational analysis of vertebrate embryonic development.

Gene Traps: Tools for Plant Development and Genomics

“…Embryonic stem cells that subsequently test positive for retroviral integration are subsequently transferred to the mouse germline. The gene trap vector commonly used in mouse contains a lacZ reporter gene with one or more splice acceptor (SA) sequences (reviewed in Rossant and Hopkins, 1992;Brennan and Skarnes, 1999). If insertion occurs in an intron, then splicing will create a transcriptional fusion between the adjacent exon sequence and lacZ .…”

Ten Years of Enhancer Detection: Lessons from the Fly

“…Mouse geneticists have placed emphasis not on enhancer detectors per se but rather on promoter and gene traps in which reporter constructs are trapped downstream of a promoter or within a coding region (reviewed in Rossant and Hopkins, 1992). Many different mouse gene trap vectors have been constructed.…”

“…Many different mouse gene trap vectors have been constructed. Those that are most often used (Figures 1C and 1D) share three basic features: (1) they are derived from retroviruses and hence have long terminal repeats; (2) they contain a splice acceptor (SA) site permitting splicing of the lacZ coding sequence to exons of endogenous genes, obviating the need to insert into exonic sequences; and (3) they contain a positive selectable marker (neomycin or puromycin resistance) that either is under the control of a constitutively active promoter or is fused directly to the lacZ gene (see Figures 1C and 1D;Gossler et al, 1989;Kerr et al, 1989;Friedrich and Soriano, 1991;Rossant and Hopkins, 1992). Insertions of such constructs into embryonic stem (ES) cells, from which whole animals can be regenerated via blastocyst injection or morula aggregation, allow analyses of gene expression patterns and sometimes permit the study of mutants arising from intragenic disruptions.…”

Preparation of Animals with a High Degree of Chimerism by One-Step Coculture of Embryonic Stem Cells and Preimplantation Embryos

“…The data obtained with two different strains of mice and three independent ES cell lines suggest that the method may be also applicable to other strains of mice and ES cell lines. It may also be an alternative to microinjection of DNA into zygotes (15) to identify novel genes and their regulatory sequences with the gene trap or promoter trap vectors (4,17) or to create transgenic animals for large animal species in which the availability of zygotes is generally limited and the ES cell lines have been established (18,21).…”