Oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated by whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Fw, Smith; Hutchison, J.M.S.; Mallard, J. R.; Johnson, Glyn; Redpath, T. W.; Selbie, R.d.; Reid, Anne; Smith, C C W

doi:10.1136/bmj.282.6263.510

Cited by 60 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The first clinical magnetic resonance images were produced in Nottingham and Aberdeen in 1980, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now a widely available, powerful clinical tool. 3,4 This article covers a brief synopsis of basic principles in MRI, followed by an overview of current applications in medical practice.All atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, with a net positive charge. Certain atomic nuclei, such as the hydrogen nucleus, 1 H, or the phosphorus nucleus, 31 P, possess a property known as ''spin'', dependent on the number of protons.…”

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques: Lessons for Clinicians

Grover

Tognarelli

Crossey

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

308

147

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The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for use in medical investigation has provided a huge forward leap in the field of diagnosis, particularly with avoidance of exposure to potentially dangerous ionizing radiation. With decreasing costs and better availability, the use of MRI is becoming ever more pervasive throughout clinical practice. Understanding the principles underlying this imaging modality and its multiple applications can be used to appreciate the benefits and limitations of its use, further informing clinical decisionmaking. In this article, the principles of MRI are reviewed, with further discussion of specific clinical applications such as parallel, diffusion-weighted, and magnetization transfer imaging. MR spectroscopy is also considered, with an overview of key metabolites and how they may be interpreted. Finally, a brief view on how the use of MRI will change over the coming years is presented. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2015;5:246-255) T he nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon was first described experimentally by both Bloch and Purcell in 1946, for which they were both awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952.1,2 The technique has rapidly evolved since then, following the introduction of wide-bore superconducting magnets (approximately 30 years ago), allowing development of clinical applications. The first clinical magnetic resonance images were produced in Nottingham and Aberdeen in 1980, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now a widely available, powerful clinical tool. 3,4 This article covers a brief synopsis of basic principles in MRI, followed by an overview of current applications in medical practice.All atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, with a net positive charge. Certain atomic nuclei, such as the hydrogen nucleus, 1 H, or the phosphorus nucleus, 31 P, possess a property known as ''spin'', dependent on the number of protons. This can be conceived as the nucleus spinning around its own axis although this is a mathematical analogy. The nucleus itself does not spin in the classical meaning but by virtue of its constituent parts induces a magnetic moment, generating a local magnetic field with north and south poles. The quantum mechanical description of this dipolar magnet is analogous to classical mechanics of spinning objects. The dipole itself is analogous to a bar magnet, with magnetic poles aligning along its axis of rotation (Figure 1 , ). 5Application of a strong, external magnetic field (B 0 ) aligns the nucleus either in parallel with or perpendicular to the external field. A liquid solution containing many nuclear spins, placed within the B 0 field, will contain nuclear spins in one of two energy states: a low-energy state (oriented parallel to the magnetic field) or a high-energy state (orientated perpendicular to the magnetic field direction). In solids or liquids, there would tend to be an excess of spins in the same direction as B 0 . Although a bar magnet would orientate completely parallel or antiparallel to the field, the nucleus has an...

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confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques: Lessons for Clinicians

Grover

Tognarelli

Crossey

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

308

147

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“…MRI is one of the major biomedical applications of MHD. MRI is a non-invasive tomographic medical imaging technique based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that provides high-resolution images of soft anatomical structures such as brain, heart, ligaments, and eyes [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. This information is vital in delineating healthy from diseased tissues or organs.…”

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Magnetohydrodynamics in Biomedical Applications

Farrokhi¹,

Otuya²,

Khimchenko³

et al. 2020

Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media

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This chapter discusses recent advances in biomedical applications of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The magnetohydrodynamic (MDH) effect is a physical phenomenon describing the motion of a conducting fluid flowing under influencing of an external magnetic field. The chapter covers four primary areas of research: (1) laser beam scanning, (2) nano-particle manipulation, (3) imaging contrast enhancement, and (4) targeted drug delivery. The state-of-the-art devices based on magnetohydrodynamic principles are also presented, providing a broad view of biomedical MHDs. As the field of biomedical MHDs continues to grow, advances towards micro-scale transitions will continue to be made, maintaining its clinically driven nature and motion towards real-world applications.

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“…Imaging of the human body using the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been introduced in to a number of centres in the past 3 -4 years since the first clinical trial of the technique was started in 1980 at the University of Aberdeen [4,12,13]. During this time it has been shown to be of diagnostic value in studying the brain [1], abdomen [14,15], and in pediatric practice [11,8], more recently its potential for examining the normal fetus in-utero has been demonstrated [7,16,17] as well as abnormal pregnancy [18].…”

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confidence: 99%

The potential use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy

Smith¹

1985

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated by whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Cited by 60 publications

References 7 publications

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques: Lessons for Clinicians

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques: Lessons for Clinicians

Magnetohydrodynamics in Biomedical Applications

The potential use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy

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