OECD Employment Outlook 2019

Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) in education

“…AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy. AI system lifecycle phases consist of: 1) planning and design, data collection and processing, and model building and interpretation; 2) verification and validation; 3) deployment; and 4) operation and monitoring (OECD, 2019 [3]).…”

“…Behind ML is a technique referred to as 'neural networks', which is accompanied by growing computational power and the availability of massive datasets, also known as big data. (OECD, 2019 [3]) In education for example, language learning applications rely on ML.…”

“…Promoting social interaction and mutual trust is one of the pillars in China's AI strategy. 2 According to the EU guidelines for trustworthy AI, 3 AI should be transparent, that is traceable (documentation and identification of decision-making) and explainable (of both technical processes and related human decisions). Humans should have a right to be informed that they are interacting with an AI system, and capabilities and limitations should be communicated to AI practitioners or end-users.…”

Trends in economic inactivity across the OECD

“…Looking at existing research, for Norway, it appears the primary reason relates to the low labour market participation rate of young people, especially those with low education levels and a migration background (OECD, 2018 [4]). In the Slovak Republic, it can be explained by the low participation of women and people from the Roma population (OECD, 2019 [5]). In Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands, increasing inactivity could be related to the recent inflows of migrants and the challenges when integrating them in the labour market (OECD, 2019 [6]) (European Commission, 2017 [7]).…”

Fostering strong and relevant skills in Iceland

“…At the same time, schools need to be encouraged to offer well-designed, and carefully targeted, programmes (OECD, 2014 [15]). The main challenge in the case of mentoring schemes is to attract experienced teachers and train them to become effective mentors (OECD, 2019 [19]). ITE and induction initiatives need to be closely aligned.…”