Odor from rats tasting a signal of illness.

Wr, Batsell; Ludvigson, H. Wayne; Pm, Kunko

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.16.2.193

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Grooming is a normal behavior of rodents and is associated with the distribution of pheromones for social signaling (15) and thermoregulation (16). It consists of prolonged episodes of care and attention to the pelage in a highly organized manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats

Yang

Luo

Hou

et al. 2009

European J Oral Sciences

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The mechanism of orthodontic pain and discomfort is poorly understood partly because of the limited number of animal behavioral models for pain assessment. This study aimed to develop a behavioral model for assessment of tooth-movement pain in rats using directed face-grooming activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-300 g were used. They were videotaped on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 after experimental tooth movement and their directed face-grooming behavior was evaluated. In addition, we also evaluated behavioral responses to the application of a progressively higher magnitude force and to multiple applications of an equal magnitude force. Finally, the effects of peripherally and systemically administered morphine and of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, on the behavioral responses were evaluated. The results indicated that time spent on directed face-grooming activity increased dramatically after initiating experimental tooth movement. The change concurred with the initial orthodontic pain response. This behavioral change was reproducible and was related to force magnitude. Application of both systemic and peripheral morphine and MK-801 could exert an analgesic effect on this pain model. These results suggest that directed face-grooming behavior can be a reliable measure for tooth-movement pain in rats, which could be widely used in investigating the orthodontic pain mechanism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats

Yang

Luo

Hou

et al. 2009

European J Oral Sciences

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Persistent monoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint region enhances nocifensive behavior and lumbar spinal Fos expression after noxious stimulation to the hindpaw in rats

et al. 2005

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Effects of persistent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation on nociceptive responses of remote bodily areas of the rat were investigated. Monoarthritis of the TMJ region was evoked by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the left TMJ region. Rats without injection of CFA into the TMJ region served as controls (non-CFA group). Time spent on licking behavior evoked by the injection of formalin into the left hindpaw and withdrawal thresholds of mechanical stimulation to both sides of the hindpaw were measured during TMJ inflammation for 3 weeks. Furthermore, expression of Fos protein in the lumbar dorsal horn was immunohistochemically investigated following the injection of formalin into the hindpaw during TMJ inflammation. Formalin-evoked nocifensive behavioral activities were significantly enhanced at 10 and 14 days after CFA injection in the late phase, while the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation was significantly decreased bilaterally at 8, 10 and 14 days after CFA injection. Both formalin-evoked licking behavior and mechanical withdrawal thresholds to bilateral hindpaw at 21 days after CFA injection were similar to those in the non-CFA group. The number of Fos-positive neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn ipsilateral to the formalin injection at 1 and 7 days after CFA injection into the TMJ were similar to those in the non-CFA group; however, those were significantly increased in the laminae I-II and V-VI of the lumbar dorsal horn at 14 days after CFA injection. TMJ inflammation for 7 and 14 days alone produced a small number of Fos-expressing neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn. These results provide evidence that persistent unilateral inflammation of the TMJ region causes an increase in behavioral hyperalgesia of the hindpaw, which is attributed to the modulation of neural activities, in part, in the lumbar dorsal horn, likely mediated by supraspinal neural mechanisms.

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Development of a behavioral model of TMJ pain in rats: the TMJ formalin test

Roveroni

Parada

Cecília

et al. 2001

Pain

158

139

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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain conditions are poorly understood. Since formalin is a noxious stimulus widely used in animal behavioral experiments for studying pain mechanisms, the aim of this study was to develop a behavioral model to study the TMJ pain conditions by characterizing the nociceptive behavioral responses induced by the injection of formalin into the TMJ region of rats. NaCl (0.9%) or different concentrations of formalin (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 or 5%) were administrated into the TMJ region. The formalin-induced behavioral responses characterized by moving the mandible, rubbing the orofacial region and flinching the head quickly were quantified for 45 min. The TMJ injection of formalin significantly increased the asymmetrical orofacial rubbing and head flinching behaviors, but not the movement of the mandible with concentrations of 1.5% and above (P<0.05, Dunn's test) when compared with the NaCl (0.9%) injection. These responses were significantly reduced (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney test) by the co-application of lidocaine N-ethyl bromide quaternary salt, QX-314 (2%), and by the administration of intraperitoneal morphine (4 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the TMJ formalin injection. This study demonstrates that the injection of formalin into the TMJ region of rats produces quantitative nociceptive behaviors constituting a novel behavioral model for TMJ pain.

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Odor from rats tasting a signal of illness.

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats

Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats

Persistent monoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint region enhances nocifensive behavior and lumbar spinal Fos expression after noxious stimulation to the hindpaw in rats

Development of a behavioral model of TMJ pain in rats: the TMJ formalin test

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