Odor-Aversion Learning in Neonatal Rats

Rudy, Jerry W.; Cheatle, Martin D.

doi:10.1126/science.918668

Cited by 186 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The neural pathways serving the RM CR did not elicit parallel changes in HR as would be expected if the two systems were coupled together centrally (Obrist, 1981). The capacity of the newborn group to form a RM CR within the first 3 days of birth is consistent with experiments (L. T. Martin & Alberts, 1982;Rudy & Cheatle, 1977) demonstrating successful conditioning in very young rats (2-3 days of age). In contrast to the present findings, one of these studies (L. T. Martin & Alberts, 1982) showed conditioning of HR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Classically conditioned heart rate and respiratory-motor activity in newborn and neonatal pygmy goats

Fitzgerald

Francisco

Metcalfe

et al. 1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Classical discrimination conditioning of heart rate (HR) and respiratory-motor (RM) activity was examined in 16 newborn (average age = 1 day) and 8 neonatal (average age = 2 weeks) pygmy goats over 4 days of conditioning involving an electric shock US and auditory CSs. On the 4th day, one-half of the animals in each group received a low to moderate dose of ethanol to test the resistance of the CRs to drug effects. Discriminated conditioning of RM activity but not HR occurred in the newborn group, indicating an absence of close coupling between skeletal-motor activity and HR at this early age. While the newborn group failed to show recognizable HR reactions to the CSs during the 4 days of testing, it did show a long-latency bradycardia UR beginning at 2 days of age that may have been secondary to baroreceptor reflex actions. The neonatal group displayed conditioning of both HR and RM activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Classically conditioned heart rate and respiratory-motor activity in newborn and neonatal pygmy goats

Fitzgerald

Francisco

Metcalfe

et al. 1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Until the emergence of amygdala function at PN10, neonatal pups do not express both learned and unlearned fear (Sullivan et al, 2000;Takahashi, Turner, & Kalin, 1991;Wiedenmayer & Barr, 2001). It should be noted that very high-intensity shock (1.0-1.5 mA) does produce an odor aversion in neonatal pups via odorillness conditioning (Camp & Rudy, 1988;Haroutunian & Campbell, 1979;Kucharski & Spear, 1984;Rudy & Cheatle, 1977;Sullivan & Wilson, 1995), although this conditioning has been shown to occur without an amygdala (Bermudez-Rattoni & Mc-Gaugh, 1991;Schafe, Thiele, & Bernstein, 1998). Interestingly, while odor illness is easily learned by pups away from the mother, this learning is attenuated if conditioning is done while pups are suckling, indicating another constraint on pups' learning (Thiels & Alberts, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticosterone Influences on Mammalian Neonatal Sensitive-Period Learning.

Moriceau

Sullivan

2004

Behavioral Neuroscience

104

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Infant rats exhibit sensitive-period odor learning characterized by olfactory bulb neural changes and odor preference acquisitions critical for survival. This sensitive period is coincident with low endogenous corticosterone (CORT) levels and stress hyporesponsivity. The authors hypothesized that low corticosterone levels modulate sensitive-period learning. They assessed the effects of manipulating CORT levels by increasing and removing CORT during (Postnatal Day 8) and after (Postnatal Day 12) the sensitive period. Results show that (a) exogenous CORT prematurely ends sensitive-period odor-shock-induced preferences; (b) adrenalectomy developmentally extends the sensitive period as indicated by odor-shock-induced odor-preference learning in older pups, whereas CORT replacement can reinstate fear learning; and (c) CORT manipulation modulates olfactory bulb correlates of sensitive-period odor learning in a manner consistent with behavior.Sensitive periods for enhanced learning have been documented in a wide range of species. For example, language acquisition in humans is more easily learned prior to puberty, the ewe has a few hours postpartum when she may bond with her lamb, and imprinting in avian species occurs during the first few hours posthatching. However, sensitive periods can also involve suppression of other types of learning that could interfere with attachment and learning about the mother, such as fear conditioning, inhibitory conditioning, and passive avoidance

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“…One might therefore expect to find age-related changes in the ability of the rat to form certain types of association. Indeed, it has been shown that, whereas interoceptive reinforcers [such as food or lithium chloride (LiCl)] can promote associations in Ito 2-day-old rats (Johanson & Hall, 1979;Rudy & Cheatle, 1977), exteroceptive reinforcers (such as peripherally applied electric shock) are effective in establishing associative bonds only in rats older than 10 days of age (Haroutunian & Campbell, 1979). It may be, therefore, that the ability of neonatal rats to form associations that incorporate information about a conditioned reinforcer may occur later in development than the age at which Cheatle and Rudy (1978) tested their rats.…”

Section: Second-order Flavor Aversion 317mentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-order conditioned taste aversion in rats: Shared modality is not sufficient to promote an association between S2 and SI

Robertson

Krane

Garrud

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Second-order conditioning (SOC) in pigeons, but not rats, appears to involve an association between the second-order stimulus (S2) and the first-order stimulus (S1). Nairne and Rescorla (1981) suggested it was the use of stimuli from the same modality that promoted an association between S2 and SI in pigeon SOC studies. In support of their hypothesis, they demonstrated that pigeons, like rats, did not form an association between S2 and SI when these stimuli were from different modalities. In this study, we sought to determine whether rats, like pigeons, would associate S2 with SI when these stimuli shared the same modality. Female Lister rats injected with LiCI after consuming .12M saline solution (S1) showed an aversion to a 15% sucrose solution (82) that was subsequently paired with the saline. This was so regardless of whether S2 and 81 had been presented sequentially (Experiment 1) or simultaneously (Experiment 2). Only in Experiment 2, however, did extinction of the aversion to saline diminish the aversion to sucrose; that is, employing stimuli from the same modality was not a sufficient condition, of itself, to allow rats to associate 82 with S1.Second-order conditioning (SOC), in which one stimulus (S2) elicits a conditioned response (CR) as a result of being paired with another stimulus (S 1) whose ability to act as a reinforcer stems from prior association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), has been the subject of several research papers in recent years. Of particular relevance to the experiments reported here are those studies that attempted to establish whether SOC involves an association between S2 and S1 such that S2 elicits whatever response is appropriate to S1.The strategy employed by these studies was to manipulate S1 (once SOC had been established to 52) in such a way as to alter the CR elicited by S1 and then test the response to S2. A change in the CR to S2 corresponding to that produced in the CR to S 1 would have provided evidence of an association between S2 and S1. This procedure produced conflicting results, however, depending upon whether the subjects were rats or pigeons. Experiments using an autoshaping procedure with pigeons

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Odor-Aversion Learning in Neonatal Rats

Cited by 186 publications

References 6 publications

Classically conditioned heart rate and respiratory-motor activity in newborn and neonatal pygmy goats

Classically conditioned heart rate and respiratory-motor activity in newborn and neonatal pygmy goats

Corticosterone Influences on Mammalian Neonatal Sensitive-Period Learning.

Second-order conditioned taste aversion in rats: Shared modality is not sufficient to promote an association between S2 and SI

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