Ocular toxicity of mustard gas: A concise review

Ultrafast Degradation and High Adsorption Capability of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant under Ambient Conditions Using Granular UiO-66-NH2 Metal–Organic Gels

“…Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) including nerve agents and blistering agents continue to be a significant long-lasting threat to both mankind and environment, although prohibited by an international convention. Sulfur mustard (HD) is a canonical vesicant that can cause severe erosion of epithelial tissue, injury of the respiratory/digestive tract, and damage of visual systems on contact. − Due to the facile synthesis, high stability, and low volatility, the production, storage, and distribution of HD still exist to date. , As a result, the development of advanced materials for rapid detoxification of HD into less toxic products remains to be a momentous concern.…”

“…1−3 Due to the facile synthesis, high stability, and low volatility, the production, storage, and distribution of HD still exist to date. 4,5 As a result, the development of advanced materials for rapid detoxification of HD into less toxic products remains to be a momentous concern.…”

Autophagy in Extracellular Matrix and Wound Healing Modulation in the Cornea

“…Likewise, warfare and toxic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, mustard gas, carbofuran, acrolein, chlorine, etc. cause several corneal abnormalities [ 31 , 33 , 116 , 117 ]. Various ocular pathologies such as ocular edema, redness, tearing, itching, abrasion, corrosions, corneal injury, neovascularization, blurred vision, and loss of vision in humans and animals have been observed following exposure to industrial chemicals (alkali, acids, anhydrous ammonia, phosphine), warfare agents (mustard gas, chlorine, acrolein, phosgene oxime, lewisite) and pesticides (carbofuran, ethylene oxide) [ 32 , 33 , 35 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ].…”

“…cause several corneal abnormalities [ 31 , 33 , 116 , 117 ]. Various ocular pathologies such as ocular edema, redness, tearing, itching, abrasion, corrosions, corneal injury, neovascularization, blurred vision, and loss of vision in humans and animals have been observed following exposure to industrial chemicals (alkali, acids, anhydrous ammonia, phosphine), warfare agents (mustard gas, chlorine, acrolein, phosgene oxime, lewisite) and pesticides (carbofuran, ethylene oxide) [ 32 , 33 , 35 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ]. Our recent studies and research reported in the literature have led us to postulate that irregular autophagosomal and lysosomal biogenesis leads to improper clearance of injurious factors and the accumulation of unwanted and harmful molecules/proteins in keratocytes, ultimately resulting in corneal pathologies.…”

“…The cornea is a highly specialized, transparent, powerful refractive surface and a robust outer barrier protecting ocular tissue. Active military service members, veterans, and civilians show various corneal injuries due to exposure to toxic gases such as sulfur mustard gas, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine, as well as combat blasts, blast waves, infections, trauma, and traumatic brain injury (TBI)/polytrauma [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Novel therapeutic targets and approaches are needed to improve the corneal wound healing process to maintain sharp vision [ 16 , 21 , 22 , 36 , 37 ].…”