Ocular surface physiology and aqueous tear secretion in cats of diverse cephalic conformations

Oksa-Minaļto, Jelena; Maggs, David J.; Akimova, Jekaterina; Ilgaza, Aija; Sebbag, Lionel

doi:10.1111/vop.13051

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The long-standing belief that sympathetic stimulation induced by stress can temporarily reduce tear production in feline species 11 , 12 has been contradicted by recent evidence. 7 , 13 – 18 Likewise, the findings of the present study do not support this theory because the STT-1 values were significantly higher during the stress-inducing intervention than during the day without stress stimuli. Notably, 23/24 evaluated animals showed an increase in tear production during the stress-inducing intervention.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…7,13,18 Despite sex differences being reported in a retrospective study of dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) in dogs, 21 most research findings indicate that tear production is equivalent in both sexes of healthy dogs 22,23 and cats. 7,13,16 The neuter status has been reported to influence the STT-1, showing higher values in neutered cats. 13,16 In the context of our study, no significant difference in STT-1 values was observed between male and female cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 7 , 13 , 16 The neuter status has been reported to influence the STT-1, showing higher values in neutered cats. 13 , 16 In the context of our study, no significant difference in STT-1 values was observed between male and female cats. These findings support the idea that sex is not a factor significantly influencing tear production in feline patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 However, recent studies have debunked this speculation, establishing normative data for STT-1 in cats and showing that low STT-1 values are generally associated with clinical signs of dry eye syndrome. 7,[13][14][15][16][17][18] In particular, a study that assessed tear production in cats under various environmental conditions showed that animals exposed to stressors, despite demonstrating a trend for increased STT-1 values, had results similar to those evaluated under stress-free conditions, demonstrating again that stress does not decrease STT-1 values in cats. 18 The aim of the present study was to consolidate previous findings regarding the impact of acute stress on tear production in healthy cats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats

Donat Almagro,

Moutinho,

Mendes de Oliveira

et al. 2024

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives This study aimed to determine the impact of acute stress on tear production in companion cats to provide a basis for minimizing stress-inducing stimuli during ophthalmic evaluations. Methods A total of 24 healthy owned cats (12 males, 12 females) of mixed breed, aged 8 months to 7 years, with no history of ocular diseases, were selected for the study. The cats were housed in individual cages under controlled conditions for 6 days. The Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) was performed in the morning (between 9:00 am and 11:00 am) using test strips from the same batch. The first test (without stress) was conducted on the fifth day of acclimation, and the second test (with stress) on the sixth day. The stress stimulus consisted of recordings of barking dogs, cats fighting and the murmuring of people. For both tests, the heart rate was assessed with a stethoscope before, during and after the tests, and the environmental stress level was also evaluated. Results are presented as mean ± SD and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The study found that STT-1 values were significantly higher ( P = 0.009) with stress (22.2 ± 6.0 mm/min [95% CI 19.9–24.6]) than without stress (17.5 ± 6.9 mm/min [95% CI 14.8–20.2]). Similarly, the heart rate was significantly higher ( P = 0.028) in stress vs non-stress conditions (213.4 ± 37.5 beats per minute [bpm] [95% CI 198.7–228.1] vs 171.5 ± 28.6 bpm [95% CI 160.3–182.7], respectively), and the environmental stress score was significantly higher ( P <0.001) in stress vs non-stress conditions (3.3 ± 0.5 [95% CI 3.1–3.5] vs 1.2 ± 0.4 [95% CI 1.1–1.4], respectively). Conclusions and relevance Stress increased tear production in cats. Although the mean STT-1 value obtained under stress conditions was within the normal range, stress can influence the test results. The use of cat friendly handling techniques facilitates execution of the STT-1.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats

Donat Almagro,

Moutinho,

Mendes de Oliveira

et al. 2024

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Schirmer tear test‐1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs

Pe'er,

Ofri,

Sebbag

2024

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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PurposeAssess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed.MethodsThirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT‐1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT‐1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community.ResultsSTT‐1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT‐1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT‐1 performed with “closed eyelids” (38.5%), “open eyelids” (26.9%), or “never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open” (34.6%).ConclusionsEyelids status (closed or open) during STT‐1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT‐1 in a canine patient. STT‐1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed.

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Evaluation of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis–corneal cross‐linking (PACK‐CXL) in feline infectious keratitis—patient demographics, treatment protocols, risk factors, and treatment outcome: a retrospective study

Shukla,

Kowalska,

Arteaga

et al. 2024

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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ObjectivesTo describe patient demographics and treatment protocols in a population of feline patients undergoing photoactivated chromophore for keratitis–corneal cross‐linking (PACK–CXL) as an adjunctive treatment for infectious keratitis. Furthermore, to determine the proportion of PACK–CXL treatment success in the population studied, explore risk factors for treatment failure, and provide recommendations for future PACK–CXL clinical studies.Materials and MethodsRecords from four veterinary ophthalmology practices were reviewed to identify eligible patients and extract data. Recorded variables included patient‐related factors, ocular examination findings, PACK‐CXL protocol parameters, and treatment outcome.ResultsRecords for 153 cats (154 eyes) were included. Median age in the treatment success group was 8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4–12), with a median ulcer depth of 30% (IQR 30–40). Median age in the treatment failure group was 10.5 years (IQR 4.75–12) with a median ulcer depth of 45.9% (IQR 30–75). Persian cats were the most represented brachycephalic breed (52 out of 64 cats). Modified PACK–CXL protocols were used, including fast energy delivery (134 eyes), and increased fluence (52 eyes). The overall proportion of success was 88% (95% CI 84–93), which was variable between clinics. Eighty‐two of 89 mesocephalic cat eyes (92%), and 54 of 65 brachycephalic cat eyes (83%) were classified as treatment successes.ConclusionsPACK–CXL appeared to be a useful, adjunctive therapeutic modality for the treatment of infectious keratitis in the feline patient population presented here. Brachycephalic cats, older cats, and those with deeper ulcers may be at increased risk for treatment failure.

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Ocular surface physiology and aqueous tear secretion in cats of diverse cephalic conformations

Abstract: Objective: To describe normative ocular surface and aqueous tear testing data for cats of various cephalic conformation.

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats

Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats

Schirmer tear test‐1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs

Evaluation of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis–corneal cross‐linking (PACK‐CXL) in feline infectious keratitis—patient demographics, treatment protocols, risk factors, and treatment outcome: a retrospective study

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