Ocular renin-angiotensin system with special reference in the anterior part of the eye

Holappa, Mervi

doi:10.5318/wjo.v5.i3.110

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Alveolar, bronchial and tracheal epithelial cells express ACE2; therefore, these viruses tend to disturb the respiratory system [27,33]. In the eye, ACE2 is found mainly in the posterior segment (retina) and aqueous humor [35,36]. Sun et al had shown previously the weak binding capability of SARS-CoV-1 to ACE2 expressed on the in vitro cultured conjunctival fibroblasts and epithelial cells as well as corneal epithelial cells [37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye

et al. 2020

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Purpose Several studies have reported conflicting results on ocular manifestations and transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) whose causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the coronavirus family, the seventh recognized as a human pathogen and the third causing a severe clinical syndrome. COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, similar to the other human coronaviruses. Comparing the relation between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-Cov-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye may contribute to determining their actual eye-tissue tropism and risk of ocular transmission. Methods Literature review was conducted via Pubmed.gov, Google Scholar and medRixv using the following keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, conjunctivitis, tear swab, ocular expression, ocular symptoms and human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 expression. Studies with lack in methodology were excluded. Results Sixteen observational studies were selected. The range for detection of viral RNA in tears was 0-8% for SARS-CoV-1 and 0-5.3% for SARS-CoV-2, while no reports were found for other coronaviruses. Ocular manifestations have been reported for NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. Ocular symptoms in the form of conjunctivitis/conjunctival congestion predominantly were detected in 65 (3.17%) out of 2048 reported patients with COVID-19 (range of 0.8-32%). Eye symptoms were not reported for the other coronaviruses. Conclusions Data aggregation for coronaviruses shows a relatively low eye-tissue tropism. Conjunctival congestion is an uncommon manifestation of COVID-19 similar to all human coronaviruses' infections. In a low percentage of patients, the virus can be excreted in ocular fluids at different stages of the infection, regardless of positive SARS-Cov-2 throat swab. Albeit high viral loads in ocular tissue seem to have relatively low prevalence, the eye should be

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye

et al. 2020

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“…The receptors of some species of adenovirus and avian influenza (α-2-3-linked sialic acid,CD46, desmoglein-2) and the human influenza virus (α-2-6-linked sialic acid) are abundantly expressed in the corneal, conjunctival epithelium as well as nasal and tracheal mucosal lining. 5,6,33 The similarities in the distribution of cellular receptors in the ocular surface mucosa and the respiratory tract pose a high risk of viral tissue tropism adherence and transmission. 33 The binding cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and the HCoV-NL63 is extensively expressed in the lung alveoli, heart, testes and intestinal epithelial cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 The binding cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV is extensively expressed in the respiratory tract, lung alveoli, and intestinal epithelial cells.ACE2 receptors were found on the corneal, conjunctival epithelium, aqueous and vitreous humor, although to a lesser extent as compared to respiratory tissues. 5,6 Due to the low expressions of ACE2 receptors in the ocular surface, the viral load is reported to be low or undetectable in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of ocular manifestations and ocular samples polymerase chain reaction positivity in patients with COVID 19 - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sadhu

Dandapani

Mazumdar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective: To estimate the prevalence of ocular manifestations and ocular samples polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity among COVID 19 patients. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using search engines (PubMed, Google Scholar, Medrixv and BioRixv) with keywords SARS CoV 2, novel coronavirus, COVID 19, ocular manifestations, conjunctival congestion, Ocular detection, Polymerase chain reaction, and conjunctivitis. The measure of heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 statistic. The pooled proportion of patients presenting with symptoms and ocular samples PCR positivity was estimated. Results: A total of 20 studies (14 studies and 6 case reports) were included in the systematic review and 14 studies were included in the metaanalysis. The pooled prevalence of conjunctivitis was 5.17% (95% CI: 2.90 to 8.04). Conjunctivitis was reported as an initial symptom of the disease in 0.858 % (95% CI: 0.31 to 1.67). Common associated features include itching, chemosis, epiphora. Seven patients (29 %) with conjunctivitis showed positive results in ocular samples, whereas 13 patients (54%) showed positive only in their nasopharyngeal samples (NPs) or sputum samples and 4 patients (16 %) were negative for both NPs and Sputum as well as ocular samples. The pooled prevalence of ocular PCR positivity was 2.90 % (95% CI: 1.77 to 4.46) vs. NPs 89.8% (95% CI: 78.80 to 79.0). Conclusion: The prevalence of conjunctivitis and ocular samples PCR positivity among COVID 19 patients was low indicating that the eye is a less affected organ. However, conjunctivitis may present as the first symptom of the disease making the patient seek medical care at the earliest.

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“… Table modified and updated from the table published by Holappa et al [ 123 ]. ACE1, -2: Angiotensin converting enzyme 1, -2; AGT: Angiotensinogen; Ang I, -II: Angiotensin I, -II; Ang(1–7): Angiotensin (1–7); AT1R, -2R, -4R: Angiotensin II type 1, 2, 4 receptor; MasR: Mas receptor; NPE: Non-pigmented ciliary epithelium; (P)RR: (pro)renin receptor; RAS: Renin-angiotensin system.…”

Section: Fig (1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye

Holappa¹,

Vapaatalo²,

Vaajanen³

2017

TOOPHTJ

Self Cite

125

116

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The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.

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Ocular renin-angiotensin system with special reference in the anterior part of the eye

Cited by 3 publications

References 155 publications

Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye

Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye

The Prevalence of ocular manifestations and ocular samples polymerase chain reaction positivity in patients with COVID 19 - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye

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