Ocular Problems of Mentally Handicapped Children

Bankes, James L Kennerley

doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1974.tb00200.x

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Our results shown that the prevalence of amblyopia among children with disabilities was found in 35% of cases, while none of the above authors of international studies [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] revealed any data about the prevalence of amblyopia or level of Vitamin D in the blood. This rate of 35% of children with amblyopia is higher than that of 2.8% identified by Mocanu and Horhad [40] in Romania and almost similar to that of 37.9% found in Australia [5].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Our research shows that of 80 children with disabilities, the prevalence of 35% refractive error is similar to other studies shown in Table 5, indicating that the sequence among groups distributed worldwide are roughly the same. There were found myopia in 16% of cases, hyperopia in 5% of cases and astigmatism in 14% of disabled children while McQuaid and Arvidsson identified a prevalence of myopia in 11% of cases, 15% hyperopia and 12% astigmatism; Chang et al found out myopia in 54% of https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.20.8.8300 cases and hyperopia in 3% of cases; Bankes identified 8% myopia, 27% hyperopia and 6% astigmatism [4,34,35]. The prevalence of myopia identified by other authors was higher in Asia [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of myopia identified by other authors was higher in Asia [4]. Also, other studies conducted on children with disabilities, regarding the prevalence of ocular refraction disorders, are recorded in the specialized literature, some of them being presented in Table 5 [4,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. In this study, children with disabilities have a relatively high prevalence of refractive errors because they are genetically prone to all sorts of anomalies including the ocular ones, not rarely ametropia being the most prevalent ocular anomaly [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Correlation of Vitamin D Level with Refractive Errors in Disabled Paediatric Patients

Holhos¹,

Bungău²,

Ţiţ³

et al. 2020

Rev. Chim.

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Refractive errors are the most prevalent ocular disorders in paediatric ophthalmology having a higher occurrence in children with disabilities. This paper evaluated the refractive status of the disabled children and identified the influence of Vitamin D on this status. The study group was represented by 160 children (80 clinically healthy � group 0, 80 having different physical and/or mental disabilities � group 1) with ages between 5-16 years old, ophthalmologically examined between January 2019-January 2020. The prevalence of refractive errors was analysed according to the blood level of Vitamin D; the prevalence of the identified refractive errors was 35% in the group of children with disabilities (16% myopia, 14% astigmatism, 5% hyperopia) and 36% in the group of clinically healthy children (16% astigmatism, 10% myopia, 10% hyperopia). In group 1, an acceptable level (20-30 ng/mL) of Vitamin D was found in 61.54% of children with myopia, 25% in those with hyperopia, and 18.18% in those with astigmatism, the rest showing insufficiency of Vitamin D. Both children with disabilities/clinically healthy shown ocular refractive errors, the difference between the two groups being statistically insignificant (1%). The presence of Vitamin D in the blood in normal or insufficient levels suggests a strong correlation of its levels with the appearance of ocular refraction disorders.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Correlation of Vitamin D Level with Refractive Errors in Disabled Paediatric Patients

Holhos¹,

Bungău²,

Ţiţ³

et al. 2020

Rev. Chim.

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“…However, whereas Chang et al (2005) found refractive errors in 57% of subjects (myopia in 54% and hyperopia in 3%), the high prevalence of myopia in this study may have been due to noncycloplegic refractions and the ages of the subjects included. Bankes (1974) used a lower cut-off value for hyperopia and a higher value for myopia: hyperopia ‡ + 1.25 D; myopia £ ) 1.0 D, and astigmatism £ ) 0.75 cyl D. In children where the level of DD varied from 'slow development' to severe cerebral malformation, the prevalence of refractive errors was 53%. Using the criteria described by Bankes (1974) in the present study gave a prevalence of refractive errors of 67% (myopia in 8%, hyperopia in 53% and astigmatism in 6%).…”

Section: Refractive Errors and Strabismusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. II. Aspects of refractive errors, strabismus and contrast sensitivity

Nielsen

Skov

Jensen

2007

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus and reduced contrast sensitivity in an unselected group of children with developmental delay (DD), and to propose extensions to the existing guidelines to assess the number of examinations required to optimally support children with DD. Methods: A total of 923 children with IQ £ 80, aged 4-15 years, from Copenhagen County, Denmark, were ophthalmically examined. The prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus and the presence of reduced contrast sensitivity were recorded and related to level of IQ. Results: Among the 923 children, the following prevalences were found: significant hyperopia ( ‡ + 3 D) 15.3%; myopia (< ) 0.5 D) 10.8%, and astigmatism (< ) 1 cyl D) 20.6%. Strabismus was found in 26.8% of subjects (esotropia in 14.9%, exotropia in 10.3%, and other forms, including mixed types, in 1.6%). Refractive errors and strabismus were significantly correlated with low IQ. Reduced contrast sensitivity was correlated with age, visual acuity and level of IQ. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the largest on ocular disorders in children with DD. Hyperopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, strabismus and contrast sensitivity had a high prevalence, and all disorders were related to low IQ. According to the extended guidelines, an annual minimum of 565 examinations per 100 000 children (0-17 years) is required to optimally support children with DD.

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“…In children with DD, the prevalence of dysfunctions such as hyperopia, astigmatism, and strabismus is high, whereas that of myopia is low; 1,3,[16][17][18][19] the present screening procedure is, therefore, less effective in these children. In children with hyperopia, the VA at distance is often normal and it is not detected by the existing screening.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision screening in children with developmental delay can be improved: analysis of a screening programme outside the ophthalmic clinic

Nielsen

Skov

Jensen

2007

Develop Med Child Neuro

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new vision-screening programme in detecting ophthalmic disorders in children with developmental delay (DD; IQ≤ ≤80) and in children with normal IQ. A group of 467 children with an IQ≤ ≤80 (272 males, 195 females; age range 4-15y; mean age 10y 4mo [SD 2y 10mo]) and 123 children with an IQ>80 (85 males, 38 females; age range 3-16y; mean age 10y 5mo [SD 3y 2mo]) had an examination that included new visionscreening items: distance and near visual acuity and stereopsis for near objects (Lang stereo test II). A full ophthalmological examination was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of the new screening items. The previous screening programme consisted of only monocular visual acuity at distance. Sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the tests were calculated with regard to the following ophthalmic disorders: hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, amblyopia, low vision, and strabismus. Overall, the prevalence of ophthalmic disorders was 33.4% in children with DD and 11.4% in typically developing children. With the use of the new programme, the effectiveness of vision screening in both groups of children was improved. In children with DD, sensitivity increased from 49.4 to 80.1%, specificity decreased from 98.1 to 83.3%, PPV decreased from 92.8 to 70.6%, and NPV increased from 79.4 to 89.3%. In typically developing children, sensitivity improved from 50.0 to 85.7%, specificity declined from 98.2 to 87.2%, PPV decreased from 77.8 to 46.2%, and NPV increased from 93.9 to 97.9%. We conclude that the currently used visionscreening programme can be significantly improved. The speed and simplicity of the proposed screening programme makes it suitable for use by school nurses. The improvements were most prominent in children with DD.

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Ocular Problems of Mentally Handicapped Children

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

The Correlation of Vitamin D Level with Refractive Errors in Disabled Paediatric Patients

The Correlation of Vitamin D Level with Refractive Errors in Disabled Paediatric Patients

Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. II. Aspects of refractive errors, strabismus and contrast sensitivity

Vision screening in children with developmental delay can be improved: analysis of a screening programme outside the ophthalmic clinic

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