Ocular Infection and Inflammation

In-use physicochemical and microbiological stability of biological parenteral products

“…Subcutaneous infection can manifest as phaeohyphomycosis, and contamination of ophthalmic drugs for ocular, intraocular, or intravitreal injection can lead to eye infection, keratitis, or sinusitis. 68 Although USP chapter 797 attempts to capture elements of aseptic assurance (compounding complexity, environment, and procedures) and product interim storage criteria (Figure 1), 6 most risk-assessment models omit key elements, such as patient immunologic status, acute therapeutic need, and pharmacist 18 or healthcare professional training. For example, a lifesaving antitoxin injection prepared in the field has a different risk profile than a longterm home-use product.…”

The influence of freeze drying and ϒ-irradiation in pre-clinical studies of flurbiprofen polymeric nanoparticles for ocular delivery using D-(+)-trehalose and polyethylene glycol

“…1 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as flurbiprofen (FB) have been used to inhibit intraoperative miosis during cataract surgery to reduce the risk of cystoid macular edema and postoperative inflammation of the anterior segment of the eye. FB, 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid, exerts its anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes.…”

Acupuncture for acute hordeolum

“…It is an acute, red, painful, and localized inflammation with abscess formation, usually caused by obstructed orifices of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. The infected sebaceous glands can be the meibomian gland in the tarsal plate (internal hordeolum) or the glands of Zeis or Moll associated with eyelash follicles (external hordeolum, or stye) (Barza 1983; Chern 2011; Gerstenblith 2012; Grant 2013; Mueller 2008; Peralejo 2008; Tasman 2013). An episode is usually self-limited and may resolve in about a week with spontaneous drainage of the abscess (Chern 2011; Deibel 2013; Lederman 1999; Peralejo 2008; Skorin 2002; Wald 2007).…”

“…Hordeola are more common in adults than in children, but are not limited to any age, gender, or racial group (Ehrenhaus 2012; Lindsley 2013). The usual cause of an acute hordeolum is the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium (Bessette 2012; Chern 2011; Ehrenhaus 2012; Gerstenblith 2012; Mueller 2008; Peralejo 2008; Tasman 2013; Wald 2007). Recent studies have reported that about 90% of hordeola are associated with S. aureus (Bharathi 2010) and that 24% of methicillin-resistant S, aureus ocular infections are eyelid disorders including hordeola (Hsiao 2012).…”

“…Topical antibiotics also may be prescribed by the ophthalmologist. If these fail, incision and drainage may be performed and systemic antibiotics are indicated (Chern 2011; Gerstenblith 2012; Lindsley 2013; Mueller 2008; Peralejo 2008; Tasman 2013). …”