Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin (<i><scp>E</scp>udyptes chrysolophus</i>) and southern rockhopper penguin (<i><scp>E</scp>udyptes chrysocome</i>)

Bliss, Cassandra D.; Aquino, Susette; Woodhouse, Sarah

doi:10.1111/vop.12123

Cited by 41 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…18 The effect of age was not assessed in this study because precise determination of age was not possible in our study population. In Humboldt penguins, 7 macaroni penguins, 8 rockhopper penguin, 8 Screech owls, 10 vultures, 12 ostriches, 13 and American flamingos, 21 the age and gender did not alter results of STT and/or IOP in studied animals. But as determined by Reuter and colleagues in some birds of prey (northern goshawks, common buzzards, and common kestrels), 18 younger birds had lower IOP values than did older birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Mood

Rajaei

Hashemi³

et al. 2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Mood

Rajaei

Hashemi³

et al. 2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Although this test is well tolerated by birds (Bliss et al 2015), low reproducibility has been reported in large Psitacciformes (Holt et al 2006), and better PRT reproducibility on A. ventralis (Storey et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Teste lacrimal deSchirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva).] O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmi-cos para A. aestiva. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado, tonometria de rebote, papagaio-verdadeiro, Amazona aestiva, aves, produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, comprimento da fissura palpebral, animais silvestres. INTRODUCTIONThe blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) measures 35-37cm in length and weighs approximately 400 g, reaching sexual maturity of age at five years. Individuals of this species have a predominant green color, yellow head with blue forehead, and black feet and beak (Forshaw 2010). Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al. 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al. 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.Due to the lack of specific data for A. aestiva, we aimed establish normal parameters for modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and palpebral fissure length (PFL). Also, to verify any correlation among mSTT and PFL. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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“…Factors such as season, geography, nutrition, population density and contact with other animals can influence these results (Swinger et al 2009), highlighting the importance of determining the local flora in accordance with the region. Knowledge of specific normal ocular findings for each species, as well as reference values for diagnostic tests, is essential for comparative veterinary ophthalmology (Bliss et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

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Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)

Cited by 41 publications

References 54 publications

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

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