Ocular Effects of Radiant Energy

Pitts, Donald G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9051-5.50012-0

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…According to Pitts, although the relative effectiveness values of specific eye structures differ somewhat from the ACGIH values, which encompass both skin and eyes, either set of data can be used for evaluating protective criteria . Spectral effectiveness data for the conjunctiva, cornea and crystalline lens have been produced in human, rabbit and rhesus monkey studies; however, there is no established action spectrum for the retina . Animal‐generated data can be applied to calculations for humans, and there is automatically a protective factor, as human threshold exposure times are always higher than comparable animal data .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photodamage to the eye depends on wavelength, duration, intensity, radiation source size and each structure's absorption potential and ability for self‐repair . Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the crystalline lens, cornea and conjunctiva is associated with acute effects including photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis, as well as cataracts in the long term .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the crystalline lens, cornea and conjunctiva is associated with acute effects including photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis, as well as cataracts in the long term . UVR can also damage the retina; however, the crystalline lens absorbs most of the UVB and a great amount of the UVA . Eyelid skin transmits negligible amounts of UVR, thereby ensuring ocular protection as long as the eyes remain closed .…”

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confidence: 99%

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UVB‐protective properties of contact lenses with intended use in photoresponsive eyelid dermatoses

DePry

Golding²,

Szczotka-Flynn

et al. 2013

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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UVB‐protective properties of contact lenses with intended use in photoresponsive eyelid dermatoses

DePry

Golding²,

Szczotka-Flynn

et al. 2013

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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“…71,72 The primary target of UV-B is the lens epithelium, resulting in the creation of unstable free radicals and subsequent cellular changes. [73][74][75] These changes can include DNA damage, protein degradation, and increased telomerase activity.…”

Section: Protection From Ultraviolet-induced Lenticular Damage With Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet Absorption by Contact Lenses and the Significance on the Ocular Anterior Segment

Chandler¹

2011

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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It is well established that both acute and chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure can lead to various ophthalmic pathologic conditions in the anterior segment. Several scientific studies have demonstrated that after UV exposure, the unprotected cornea is vulnerable to damage in the epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cellular layers. DNA damage, apoptosis, and altered protease expression are all examples of harmful changes that can occur within the cornea after irradiation. Beyond the cornea, damage associated with UV exposure, such as decreased antioxidant levels and increased reactive oxygen species production, has been noted in the aqueous humor and crystalline lens. Ultraviolet-blocking contact lenses have the potential to provide protection against such exposure to harmful UV radiation. Experimental use of UV-absorbing contact lenses prevented detrimental cellular changes to the cornea and maintained corneal clarity after UV exposure. Additionally, studies suggest that shielding the aqueous humor and crystalline lens from irradiation with UV-absorbing contact lenses aids in protection against precataractous changes. Despite ongoing research, to date, neither chronic nor clinical studies have been performed in humans to demonstrate that wearing UV-blocking contact lenses reduces the risk of developing cataracts or other ocular disorders within the anterior segment. This article will discuss the impact of UV exposure on ocular tissue and the need for adequate UV protection, with particular emphasis on UV-blocking contact lenses.

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“…The risk of functional eye injury resulting from solar-based ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was less obvious, but clearly annotated over 30+ years of established environmentally-based ophthalmic research. (Pitts, 1959;Pitts and Tredici, 1971;Pitts, 1977;Sliney, 1983;Pitts, Bergmanson, and Chu, 1987;Pitts, 1993). Consequently, UVR protection is present in every pair of glasses developed or sold in America (both clear lenses and sunglasses), based on American National Standards Institute dictates (ANSI Z80.31); including the Army's new Transition Combat Eye Protection (TCEP) system, a developmental Soldier Survivability initiative of PEO Soldier (Figure 2).…”

Section: Introduction Physical and Uvr Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combatant Eye Protection: An Introduction to the Blue Light Hazard

Lattimore¹

2015

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, Introduction -Combat spectacles have successfully provided protection from penetrating ocular injury for over 5 years; the primary obstacle to their successful performance had been getting Soldiers to actually wear the protective gear. As success stories emerged (via photographic evidence), compliance rates approached 100%. The risk of functional eye injury resulting from visible solar radiation has been less obvious. Moreover, the risk of functional ocular tissue injury from LED-generated radiant energy remains under scrutiny. All LEDs (i.e., those embedded within digital tactical display systems, flat panel instrument displays, computer monitors, and televisions) can possess major energy outputs across the blue spectrum, independent of their apparent white or observational color. Methods -This report is based on current data-extrapolation from prior work that had quantified alterations in rabbit corneal metabolic activity secondary to in-vivo UV exposures. [nm], 300 nm, 310 nm, and 360 nm), the exposures varied from 0.05 J/cm 2 to 0.25 J/cm 2 (in 0.05 J/cm 2 steps), based on the need to maintain environmental relevance. Micro-polarographic corneal oxygen uptake rates served as the in-vivo index of alteration in oxidative metabolic rate. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)Results -A multi-factorial analysis of variance exhibited an overall significant between-groups effect by wavelength (p < 0.0001), as well as an interactive effect between wavelength and radiant energy dose (p < 0.005). Control eyes were stable. Extrapolation of the nonlinear trend lines out into visible wavelengths reached baseline near 447 nm.Discussion -Evidence of metabolic vulnerability to visible light extending well into the blue spectrum is vitally important, as this is indicative of a moving, scalable effect, with no traditional threshold delineating expectation of damage/no damage. Added stressors (e.g., increased altitude or contact lens wear) could shift the wavelength effects toward a more damaging clinical picture. Recent reports have indicated rod photo-pigment damage resulting from solar blue-light exposures, adversely affecting unaided night vision, a militarily important performance decrement.Conclusion -The incorporation of blue filters in conjunction with current protective eyewear represents one potentially proactive solution, but there are limits. A defined research program regarding establishment of human functional ocular parameter limits would be essential to overall safety. The activation wavelength for...

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Ocular Effects of Radiant Energy

Cited by 23 publications

References 207 publications

UVB‐protective properties of contact lenses with intended use in photoresponsive eyelid dermatoses

UVB‐protective properties of contact lenses with intended use in photoresponsive eyelid dermatoses

Ultraviolet Absorption by Contact Lenses and the Significance on the Ocular Anterior Segment

Combatant Eye Protection: An Introduction to the Blue Light Hazard

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