Ocular biomarkers for cognitive impairment in nonagenarians; a prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Ocular imaging receives much attention as a source of potential biomarkers for dementia. In the present study, we analyze these ocular biomarkers in cognitively impaired and healthy participants in a population aged over 90 years (= nonagenarian), and elucidate the effects of age on these biomarkers. Methods: For this prospective cross-sectional study, we included individuals from the EMIF-AD 90+ study, consisting of a cognitively healthy (N=67) and cognitively impaired group (N=33), and the EMIF-AD PreclinAD study, consisting of cognitively healthy controls aged ≥60 (N=198). Participants underwent Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and fundus photography of both eyes. OCT was used to asses total and individual inner retinal layer thickness in the macular region (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study circles) as well as peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, fundus images were analyzed with Singapore I Vessel Assessment to obtain 7 retinal vascular parameters. Values for both eyes were averaged. Differences in ocular biomarkers between the 2 nonagenarian groups were analyzed using linear regression, differences between the individual nonagenarian groups and controls were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results: Ocular biomarkers did not differ between the healthy and cognitively impaired nonagenarian groups. Both nonagenarian groups differed in most ocular biomarkers from the younger controls. Conclusion: Ocular biomarkers were not associated with cognitive impairment in nonagenarians, making their use as a screening tool for dementing disorders in this group limited. However, ocular biomarkers were significantly associated with chronological age, which were very similar to those ascribed to occur in Alzheimer’s Disease.

Machine learning based on Optical Coherence Tomography images as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease

“…High‐definition optical coherence tomography (HD‐OCT) is a cost‐effective and convenient tool that allows for high‐resolution retinal images to be obtained in vivo. With the advent of OCT, the retina has become an appealing subject in many studies on neurodegenerative diseases, including AD 11–17 . However, previous OCT findings are controversial; some studies have reported a thinning of the retina in AD, 11–14 whereas others have observed no change 15–17 .…”

“…With the advent of OCT, the retina has become an appealing subject in many studies on neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] However, previous OCT findings are controversial; some studies have reported a thinning of the retina in AD, [11][12][13][14] whereas others have observed no change. [15][16][17] While there has been much interest in exploring the potential correlation between dementia and retinal parameters, there is a paucity of comprehensive and consistent data from currently available studies.…”