Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions

Wu, Feipeng; Zhao, Yin; Zhang, Hong

doi:10.3390/vision6010006

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…A study conducted in astronauts before and after spaceflight revealed that IOP increased by 1.3 mmHg under weightlessness conditions after flight, and acute exposure to lower body negative pressure of 25 mmHg led to a decrease in IOP relative to the preflight levels [ 23 ], which highlights the influence of gravity on IOP. In addition, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are involved in the regulation of IOP [ 24 ]. Compared with the seated position, in these postures, enhanced sympathetic nerve stimulation leads to an increased secretion of epinephrine, enhanced atrial conduction, and an accelerated heart rate [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Postures on Intraocular Pressure in Open-Angle Glaucoma

Sang,

Xin,

Yang

et al. 2023

Ophthalmol Ther

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Introduction This study aims to investigate the pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in different postures among patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods A observational study was conducted on a total of 74 patients with OAG (148 eyes). IOP measurements were taken in a variety of positions, including supine, left lateral decubitus, right lateral decubitus, head tilted downwards position with immediate head-up (transient head tilted downwards), seated, seated with head tilted downwards, standing, and walking. Each position was held for 5 min before measurement. In all positions, the patient maintains both eyes looking forward and remains alert. In the head tilted downwards position, the angle of head tilt with respect to the sagittal plane was 30°. Results The overall trend of IOP changes showed a significant decrease with an increase in the position height ( r = 0.037, p < 0.001). The IOP was significantly higher in the supine, left lateral decubitus, right lateral decubitus, and head tilted downwards positions than in the seated position ( p < 0.001). Compared with the seated position with eyes at primary gaze, IOP decreased significantly when standing ( p = 0.008) or walking ( p < 0.001). The IOP in the left lateral decubitus and right lateral decubitus was significantly higher than in the supine position ( p = 0.008, p = 0.001, respectively). The IOP decreased significantly during walking compared with standing ( p < 0.001). Conclusions The magnitude of IOP strongly correlates with the body position during IOP measurement. The head tilted downwards, supine, left lateral decubitus, and right lateral decubitus positions result in a higher IOP than IOP at the seated position. Patients with OAG can potentially reduce IOP fluctuations by adjusting their daily postures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Postures on Intraocular Pressure in Open-Angle Glaucoma

Sang,

Xin,

Yang

et al. 2023

Ophthalmol Ther

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“…Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary epithelium and drains through two independent outflow pathways: the trabecular meshwork and the uveal tract. Recently, it was reported that uveal lymphatics are also involved in IOP regulation [ 18 ]. The decrease in aqueous humor, which is related to IOP, is due to the inhibition of NO synthesis [ 19 ], and β-blockers, which have long been used to reduce IOP in glaucoma [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation during Aerobic Exercise at Different Exercise Intensities

et al. 2022

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Few studies have examined the effects of different aerobic-exercise intensities on intraocular-pressure (IOP) changes. This may be important for eye diseases that are impacted by IOP or its fluctuation, including glaucoma, and diabetes that is complicated by diabetic retinopathy. We investigated the effects of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise on IOP in healthy subjects. A submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed in 18 healthy male subjects, and the maximal oxygen uptake was calculated. The subjects then exercised for 20 min at 30%, 50%, and 70% ·VO2 of maximal oxygen uptake, and their IOP was measured at rest and every 5 min during exercise. Oxygen uptake was monitored using an expiratory gas analyzer during exercise to maintain accurate exercise intensity and adjust exercise load. Oxygen uptake during exercise was significantly higher at all intensities from 5 to 20 min than at rest. IOP was significantly lower at 70% exercise intensity from 5 to 20 min than at rest. A negative correlation existed between IOP and ·VO2. IOP remained unchanged during low- and moderate-intensity exercise but significantly declined during high-intensity exercise compared with that at rest. Although various factors, such as β-blockers, are involved in IOP decline at rest, a different mechanism is involved in IOP decline during exercise.

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“…Blood ow in the choroid is mainly regulated by the autonomic nervous system [11,13] . Therefore, choroidal thickness is more susceptible to the in uence of intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, and endogenous catecholamines [12,13] , and the impact of HD on choroidal and retinal thickness should differ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of long-term hemodialysis on diabetic retinopathy observed by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography

He,

Liu,

Shi

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Diabetes can cause chronic microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). DR and DN can lead to or exacerbate diabetic macular edema (DME). Hemodialysis (HD) is the main treatment method for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) secondary to DN. Purpose The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the changes in retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with ESKD before and after HD and the impact of long-term HD on DR. Methods Eighty-five eyes of 44 DR patients with ESKD who underwent HD were examined by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Based on OCTA images, the characteristics of DR and the prevalence of DME in these patients were analyzed. Changes in central retinal thickness (CRT), central retinal volume (CRV), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and subfoveal choroidal volume (SFCV) within 30 minutes before and after HD were compared. CRT, CRV, SFCT and SFCV were compared before HD and before the next HD. Results There was no significant difference in the average CRT (251.69 ± 39.21 µm vs. 251.46 ± 39.38 µm, P = 0.286) or CRV (0.15 ± 0.62 µm vs. 0.15 ± 0.63 µm, P = 0.324) between before and after HD. After HD, SFCT (243.11 ± 77.15 µm vs. 219.20 ± 72.84 µm, P < 0.001) and SFCV (0.15 ± 0.10 µm vs. 0.13 ± 0.90 µm, P < 0.001). significantly decreased. There was no statistically significant difference in CRT (251.69 ± 39.21 µm vs. 251.11 ± 38.47 µm, P = 0.206), CRV (0.15 ± 0.62 µm vs. 0.15 ± 0.61 µm, P = 0.154), SFCT (243.11 ± 77.15 µm vs. 245.41 ± 76.23 µm, P = 0.108), or SFCV (0.15 ± 0.10 µm vs. 0.16 ± 0.10 µm, P = 0.174) before HD and before the next HD. On en face OCTA images, eighty-five eyes (100%) had retinal nonperfusion areas, focal avascular zone (FAZ) enlargement, and abnormal retinal microvasculature. Based on cross-sectional OCTA images, retinal neovascularization (RNV) was confirmed in 42 eyes (49.41%), and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs) were detected in 85 eyes (100%). Seventeen eyes (20%) still had DME, and all had cystoid macular edema (CME). Among eyes with DME, the epiretinal membrane (ERM) was present in 7 eyes (8.24%). Conclusions For DR patients with ESKD who have undergone long-term HD, the choroidal thickness still changes significantly before and after HD, which may be related to short-term effects such as reduced blood volume and plasma osmotic pressure caused by HD. Although HD can improve DME, the DR of patients with ESKD should still be given attention.

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Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions

Cited by 24 publications

References 201 publications

Effect of Different Postures on Intraocular Pressure in Open-Angle Glaucoma

Effect of Different Postures on Intraocular Pressure in Open-Angle Glaucoma

Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation during Aerobic Exercise at Different Exercise Intensities

The effect of long-term hemodialysis on diabetic retinopathy observed by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography

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