Ocular anatomy and physiology relevant to anaesthesia

Presland, Andrew; Price, Jonathan D.

doi:10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.07.016

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Scleral collagen has wider fibrils and a much more interwoven structure than the cornea. Sclera maintains IOP and serves as the attachment site for the extraocular muscles, which maintain eye shape during ocular movement [14,15] The retina and the lens surround the vitreous, in which is located the vitreous humor, a transparent gelatinous fluid necessary to let the light reach the retina and to maintain the shape of the eye [16].…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery

Battaglia

Serpe

Foglietta

et al. 2016

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

120

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Although eye drops are widely used as drug delivery systems for the anterior segment of the eye, they are also associated with poor drug bioavailability due to transient contact time and rapid washout by tearing. Moreover, effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is challenging, and alternative routes of administration (periocular and intravitreal) are generally needed, the blood-retinal barrier being the major obstacle to systemic drug delivery. Areas covered: Nanotechnology, and especially lipid nanoparticles, can improve the therapeutic efficiency, compliance and safety of ocular drugs, administered via different routes, to both the anterior and posterior segment of the eye. This review highlights the main ocular barriers to drug delivery, as well as the most common eye diseases suitable for pharmacological treatment in which lipid nanoparticles have proved efficacious as alternative delivery systems. Expert opinion: Lipid-based nanocarriers are among the most biocompatible and versatile means for ocular delivery. Mucoadhesion with consequent increase in pre-corneal retention time, and enhanced permeation due to cellular uptake by corneal epithelial cells, are the essential goals for topical lipid nanoparticle delivery. Gene delivery to the retina has shown very promising results after intravitreal administration of lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vectors.

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Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery

Battaglia

Serpe

Foglietta

et al. 2016

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The goblet cells of the conjunctiva secrete approximately 2-3 µl of mucus per day, which covers the eye surface, and has the function of hydration, cleaning and lubrication and serves as a defence against pathogens (15). The sclera is an opaque fibrous protective layer, slightly elastic, with a similar composition to the cornea, that maintains intraocular pressure and serves as the attachment site for the extraocular muscles (47,49,50).…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Ocular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Polymeric and Lipid Nanoparticles in Ophthalmic Pharmaceutical Formulations: Present and Future Considerations

et al. 2014

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The unique properties and characteristics of ocular tissues and the whole set of defence mechanisms of the ocular globe make the instillation of ocular drugs into a difficult task with a low rate of therapeutic response. One of the challenges for the new generation of ophthalmic pharmaceutical formulations is to increase the bioavailability of drugs administered by the ocular route and, therefore, their therapeutic efficacy. This can be achieved with the use of some strategies that provide an increase in the formulation pre-corneal residence time, mucoadhesion and penetration across the eye tissues. Colloidal carrier systems have been very successfully used for the selective and targeted delivery of drugs for several routes of administration. In this context, nanoparticles prepared with specific polymers or lipids and coated, dispersed or suspended in polymer solutions with mucoadhesion properties or in situ gelling properties will be an excellent strategy that deserves attention and further research. In this review, the characteristics and main properties of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are discussed and examples and advantages of the application of these colloidal carrier systems for the ophthalmic administration of drugs are presented. The future directions of the research required in this specific field are also presented.

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“…The retina is situated at the rear end of the eye and functions to detect light . The cornea is a protective barrier to the interior of the eye, has a small surface area and consists of five layers, namely epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane and endothelium . Two fluid media exist in the eye.…”

Section: Basic Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics Of The Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23] The cornea is a protective barrier to the interior of the eye, has a small surface area and consists of five layers, namely epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane and endothelium. [24,25] Two fluid media exist in the eye. The ciliary body, located in the anterior segment, secretes the aqueous humor.…”

Section: Basic Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics Of The Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of topically administered mini-tablets for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye

Moosa

Choonara

Toit

et al. 2013

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Objectives The human eye is a unique and intricate structure which has made drug delivery to the eye a formidable undertaking. Anterior-segment eye diseases are ubiquitous, especially among elderly patients, and conventional eye drops, although a first-choice dosage form, are not always an efficient treatment option. The development of novel drug delivery systems for improved treatment is therefore imperative. Key findings In an attempt to circumvent the obstacles presented by the structure of the eye, advanced systems such as ocular mini-tablets have been developed. In this review, a concerted effort has been made to provide a detailed overview of topically administered ocular mini-tablets and other solid devices for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye. These mini-tablets have been shown in vitro and in vivo to have significant advantages in comparison with liquid preparations. This is a step toward attaining better patient convenience and compliance, which are critical factors. Summary Solid ophthalmic dosage forms have several advantages that can contribute to assisting with patient compliance and, ultimately, effective disease treatment. In addition to the challenges associated with topical ocular drug delivery, the shortcomings of conventional eye drops, advantages of mini-tablets, and improvements to date to these systems are discussed. The requirement for further advancements in the ocular field is also emphasized.

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Ocular anatomy and physiology relevant to anaesthesia

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery

Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery

Applications of Polymeric and Lipid Nanoparticles in Ophthalmic Pharmaceutical Formulations: Present and Future Considerations

A review of topically administered mini-tablets for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye

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