Ochratoxin A is not detectable in renal and testicular tumours

Fahmy, Nader; Woo, Mark; Alameldin, Mona; MacDonald, Kyle; Goneau, Lee W.; Cadieux, Peter A.; Pautler, Stephen E.

doi:10.5489/cuaj.1240

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Indeed, a 15 years study confirmed that BEN is correlated with upper urothelial tract cancer (Rouprêt et al, 2015 ). Furthermore, OTA has been associated with the occurrence of upper urothelial tract cancer (Fahmy et al, 2014 ). However, a systemic review by Bui-Klimke and Wu ( 2015 ) revealed that there is no significant evidence for human health risks associated with OTA exposure based on the epidemiological data.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota

Liew

Sabran

2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

313

195

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The secondary metabolites produced by fungi known as mycotoxins, are capable of causing mycotoxicosis (diseases and death) in human and animals. Contamination of feedstuffs as well as food commodities by fungi occurs frequently in a natural manner and is accompanied by the presence of mycotoxins. The occurrence of mycotoxins' contamination is further stimulated by the on-going global warming as reflected in some findings. This review comprehensively discussed the role of mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and aflatoxins) toward gut health and gut microbiota. Certainly, mycotoxins cause perturbation in the gut, particularly in the intestinal epithelial. Recent insights have generated an entirely new perspective where there is a bi-directional relationship exists between mycotoxins and gut microbiota, thus suggesting that our gut microbiota might be involved in the development of mycotoxicosis. The bacteria–xenobiotic interplay for the host is highlighted in this review article. It is now well established that a healthy gut microbiota is largely responsible for the overall health of the host. Findings revealed that the gut microbiota is capable of eliminating mycotoxin from the host naturally, provided that the host is healthy with a balance gut microbiota. Moreover, mycotoxins have been demonstrated for modulation of gut microbiota composition, and such alteration in gut microbiota can be observed up to species level in some of the studies. Most, if not all, of the reported effects of mycotoxins, are negative in terms of intestinal health, where beneficial bacteria are eliminated accompanied by an increase of the gut pathogen. The interactions between gut microbiota and mycotoxins have a significant role in the development of mycotoxicosis, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. Such knowledge potentially drives the development of novel and innovative strategies for the prevention and therapy of mycotoxin contamination and mycotoxicosis.

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Section: Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota

Liew

Sabran

2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

313

195

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“…Dietary exposure to AFB 1 may induce abdominal pain, vomiting, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma [ 16 ] in consumers. OTA can cause renal toxicity including genito-urinary malignancy [ 17 ]. Therefore, to improve food safety, it is important to monitor mycotoxins in dried seafood products sold at markets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantification of Aflatoxin B1, T-2 Toxin, Ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol in Dried Seafood Products by LC-MS/MS

Deng

Wang

Deng

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. These contaminate dried seafoods during processing and storage and represent a potential health hazard for consumers. A sensitive, selective and accurate liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous quantification of four common mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxin (T-2), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON)) in dried shrimp, dried fish and dried mussel products. Mycotoxins were extracted from dried seafood samples by acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v), subjected to ultrasound for 60 min at 20 °C and cleaned up by defatting with n-hexane. The sample matrix affected the linearity of detection (R2 ≥ 0.9974). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in dried seafood products varied from 0.1 to 2.0 µg·kg−1 and 0.3 to 5.0 µg·kg−1, respectively. The method was validated by spiking samples with specific mycotoxin levels, and the recoveries, intra-relative standard deviation (RSDs) and inter-RSDs ranged between 72.2–98.4%, 2.8–10.6%, and 5.5–15.4%, respectively. This method was used to analyze 40 dried seafood products purchased from the Zhanjiang seafood market. Results of this product sampling showed that while no DON was detected, AFB1, T-2 and OTA were detected in 30.8%, 17.5% and 33.3% of the samples, respectively. AFB1, T-2 and OTA concentrations varied at 0.58–0.89, 0.55–1.34 and 0.36–1.51 µg·kg−1, respectively. Relatively high frequency of contamination and the presence of AFB1, OTA and T-2 residues indicate the need to monitor mycotoxins in dried seafood products.

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“…Subsequently, reiteration of [13] in [28] perpetuated the focus on the equivalence of “germ cell testicular tumours in mice and humans,” without any corroborative histological evidence. More recently, analysis for OTA in archived blood plasma and testicular germ cell human tumours [29] found traces of the toxin in plasma but not in tumour histology. That finding does not take into account that histology solvents would remove OTA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Review of Leydig Cell Lesions in Ochratoxin A-Treated Fischer Rats and Controls

Herman¹,

Mantle

2019

Toxins

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Ochratoxin A is best known as a potent renal carcinogen in male rats and mice after necessarily protracted ingestion, although valid extrapolation to any human disease has not been verified. The hypothesis that the toxin is a cause of human testicular cancer was proposed a decade ago and has proliferated since, partly through incomplete study of the scientific literature. Archived tumorous rat testes were available from Fischer F344 rats exposed to continuous dietary exposure for half of or the whole life in London in the 2000s. Renal cancer occurred in some of these cases and testicular tumours were observed frequently, as expected, in both treated and untreated animals. Application of clinical immunohistochemistry has for the first time consistently diagnosed the testicular hypertrophy in toxin-treated rats as Leydig cell tumours. Comparison is made with similar analysis of tumorous testes from control (untreated) rats from U.S. National Toxicology Program studies, both of ochratoxin A (1989) and the more recent one on Ginkgo biloba. All have been found to have identical pathology as being of sex cord-stromal origin. Such are rare in humans, most being of germinal cell origin. The absence of experimental evidence of any specific rat testicular cellular pathology attributable to long-term dietary ochratoxin A exposure discredits any experimental animal evidence of testicular tumorigenicity. Thus, no epidemiological connection between ochratoxin A and the incidence of human testicular cancer can be justified scientifically.

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Ochratoxin A is not detectable in renal and testicular tumours

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota

Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota

Simultaneous Quantification of Aflatoxin B1, T-2 Toxin, Ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol in Dried Seafood Products by LC-MS/MS

Immunohistochemical Review of Leydig Cell Lesions in Ochratoxin A-Treated Fischer Rats and Controls

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