Oceanic Mobility and Settler-Colonial Power: Policing the Global Maritime Labour Force in Durban Harbour C. 1890–1910

Abstract

Recent scholarship on seafarers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century has tended to emphasise the mobility and diverse geographical origins of the global steamship workforce. This article, while sharing that perspective, cautions that a more nuanced view is called for, which also recognises the limits of their mobility. In doing so, it suggests, more broadly, that the period before the First World War cannot be thought of simply as an ‘Age of Acceleration’, but also needs to be seen as a period in which new kinds of limitation to mobility emerged. In the British colonial port of Durban, although there was in this period a vast increase in shipping activity, seamen were subject to an intense regime of restriction. An immigration bureaucracy initially created to exclude Indian immigrants, also shut out sailors of all nationalities and races. A particular precipitant of this policy was the hostility of Natal officials to the crews of ‘cattleboats’, ships bringing livestock to southern Africa from the Mediterranean, Argentina, Australia, the US and elsewhere. Across the globe, immigration controls in this period were in general less intense than they became after 1914, but in some places, such as Durban, new forms of limitation on mobility were being tried out. The article also highlights the vast worldwide system of labour documentation operated by the British merchant marine through Shipping Offices and Consuls in almost every significant port. Mobility in the British Empire was radically differentiated, with numerous centres of power making their own claims to control movement.

Forum Global Dis:connections

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To an Alien Mecca: Durban Port and its Waterfronts before 1914

“…Crews and soldiers sometimes led violent micro-mutinies against the brutal discipline of the ship or confinement on it. 191 The image of incarceration and of travellers sent 'pillar to post' grew frequent in the pages of Gandhi's Indian Opinion. 192 African dockworkers protested wages and arrests, the maritime variants of the South Africa's 'total institutions,' and struck or deserted.…”

Southampton to Durban on the Union Castle Line: An Imperial Shipping Company and the limits of globality c. 1900–39

“…Its workers tended to maintain very strong links to their home base, and this was reinforced by the extremely hostile immigration enforcement regime which they encountered in South Africa. 34 The workforce were anything but cosmopolitan. Every few months they would journey across the world, but they would mostly return to their starting point, which was their most meaningful social location.…”