Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect

Borregaard, Michael K.; Amorim, Isabel R.; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Cabral, Juliano Sarmento; Fernández‐Palacios, José María; Field, Richard; Heaney, Lawrence R.; Kreft, Holger; Matthews, Thomas J.; Olesen, Jens M.; Price, Jonathan P.; Rigal, François; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Triantis, Konstantinos A.; Valente, Luís; Weigelt, Patrick; Whittaker, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/brv.12256

Cited by 123 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(227 reference statements)

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“…These effects on speciation have been verbally formalized within the general dynamic model (GDM) of oceanic island biogeography, the distinguishing feature of which is to posit that diversity patterns within and across archipelagos are also influenced in a predictable fashion by the geodynamics of oceanic islands over their lifespan (Whittaker, Triantis, & Ladle, , ). The resulting biogeographical predictions have made the GDM a powerful framework for studying islands (reviewed in Borregaard et al, ). However, the GDM has not yet been thoroughly assessed by niche‐based, spatially and demographically explicit simulation models that focus on the processes occurring at the level of individuals and populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing predicted isolation effects from the general dynamic model of island biogeography with an eco‐evolutionary model for plants

Cabral

Whittaker

Wiegand

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aims The general dynamic model (GDM) of oceanic island biogeography predicts how biogeographical rates, species richness and endemism vary with island age, area and isolation. Here, we used a simulation model to assess whether the isolation‐related predictions of the GDM may arise from low‐level process at the level of individuals and populations. Location Hypothetical volcanic oceanic islands. Methods Our model considers (a) an idealized island ontogeny, (b) metabolic constraints and (c) stochastic, spatially explicit and niche‐based processes at the level of individuals and populations (plant demography, dispersal, competition, mutation and speciation). Isolation scenarios involved varying the distance to mainland and the dispersal ability of the species pool. Results For all isolation scenarios, we obtained humped temporal trends for species richness, endemic richness, proportion of endemic species derived from within‐island radiation, number of radiating lineages, number of species per radiating lineage and biogeographical rates. The proportion of endemics derived from mainland–island differentiation and of all endemics steadily increased over time. Extinction rates of endemic species peaked later than for non‐endemic species. Species richness and the number of endemics derived from mainland–island differentiation decreased with isolation as did rates of colonization, mainland–island differentiation and extinction. The proportion of all endemics and of radiated endemics, the number of radiated endemics, of radiating lineages, and of species per radiating lineage and the within‐island radiation rate all increased with isolation. Main conclusions Our results lend strong support to most of the isolation‐related GDM predictions. New insights include an increasing proportion of endemics, particularly those arising from mainland–island differentiation, across isolation scenarios, as well as extinction trends of endemics differing from the overall extinction rates, with a much later peak. These results demonstrate how simulation models focusing on low ecological levels provide tools to assess biogeographical‐scale predictions and to develop more detailed predictions for further empirical tests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing predicted isolation effects from the general dynamic model of island biogeography with an eco‐evolutionary model for plants

Cabral

Whittaker

Wiegand

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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“…While patterns of diversification in Macaronesia, mainly in terrestrial organisms, have been reviewed by Borregaard et al (), colonization and gene flow of marine benthic organisms have only been studied in those with a pelagic phase (Chevolot, Hoarau, Rijnsdorp, Stam, & Olsen, ; Sá‐Pinto, Branco, Sayanda, & Alexandrino, ; Xavier, van Soest, Breeuwer, Martins, & Menken, ). Marine benthic invertebrates that inhabit intertidal coastal areas are unique relative to both terrestrial organisms and other marine taxa (Hachich et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates

Vieira

Desiderato

Holdich³

et al. 2019

Molecular Ecology

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Diversification and speciation of terrestrial organisms are anticipated in oceanic islands such as Macaronesia, a group of Atlantic islands that have remained unconnected to continental landmasses. Hitherto, the diversification of marine organisms in oceanic islands, especially those with low vagility, has received little direct empirical analysis using molecular markers. Here, we focus on such a case study, through applying a multilocus molecular approach to investigate the diversity and evolution of a group that lacks a planktonic larval stage, the isopod genus Dynamene, in Macaronesia and Northeast Atlantic. Sequences of two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) and two nuclear (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) loci were obtained from specimens of Dynamene edwardsi (Lucas, 1849), Dynamene magnitorata Holdich, 1968 and Dynamene bidentata (Adams, 1800) collected along the Northeast Atlantic and Macaronesia. Although no major phylogeographic structure was detected in D. bidentata and D. magnitorata, from five to nine deeply divergent lineages were evident within D. edwardsi. The divergent lineages displayed genetic distances comparable to those found among established species of peracarids. D. edwardsi exhibits a long, rich and complex phylogeographic history in Macaronesia, where the geodynamics of the islands possibly associated with founder effects and subsequent lack of gene flow among populations confounds patterns based on geographic proximity of targeted populations. Our findings collectively suggest a much larger role of oceanic islands in the diversification of marine invertebrates than previously anticipated. The work provides insights into the origins and dynamics of ongoing geographic segregation and associated deep divergence among sister evolutionary lineages in Macaronesia.

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“…More connected islands should have higher immigration (dispersal) and higher species richness but lower endemism and phylogenesis (MacArthur & Wilson, ). In contrast, large islands exhibit higher endemism and in situ diversification driven by greater habitat complexity (Borregaard et al., ; Kisel & Barraclough, ; Losos & Schluter, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within‐island diversification underlies parachuting frog (Rhacophorus) species accumulation on the Sunda Shelf

O’Connell

Smart

Smith

et al. 2018

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim This study seeks to understand the geological and climatological processes that have promoted biodiversity on the Sunda Shelf in Southeast Asia. Using the parachuting frog genus Rhacophorus, we estimate divergence times and quantify the respective contributions of between and within‐island diversification to species richness and endemism. Location East and Southeast Asia, the Sunda Shelf. Methods We generated a concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence alignment for 40 species of Rhacophorus. We estimated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, constructed lineage‐through‐time (LTT) plots and reconstructed ancestral ranges. Results We found that Rhacophorus originated 33.0 Ma (95% HPD 27.0–38.0 Ma), and that the diversification rate slowed towards the present. Dispersal was important in early Rhacophorus evolution, but subsequent in situ diversification produced most species diversity on Sumatra and Borneo. Clades that diversified via in situ processes contained higher proportions of endemic species. Main conclusions Species diversification on the Sunda Shelf is ancient and has occurred slowly. Both dispersal and in situ diversification have promoted Sundaland species accumulation, but within‐island phylogenesis has produced a greater proportion of endemic species on Sumatra and Borneo. Species richness and endemism are most influenced by the size of an island, rather than connectivity.

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Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect

Cited by 123 publications

References 167 publications

Assessing predicted isolation effects from the general dynamic model of island biogeography with an eco‐evolutionary model for plants

Assessing predicted isolation effects from the general dynamic model of island biogeography with an eco‐evolutionary model for plants

Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates

Within‐island diversification underlies parachuting frog (Rhacophorus) species accumulation on the Sunda Shelf

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