Ocean Reference Stations

Cronin, Meghan F.; Weller, Robert A.; Lampitt, Richard S.; Send, Uwe

doi:10.5772/27423

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 78 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This would tend to enhance the vertical shear across the base of the mixed layer, thus maintaining typical cooling rates due to entrainment despite the weaker winds. It should be noted that the GODAS surface heat flux is anomalously positive (22 W m À2 ) relative to the NOAA Station Papa mooring observations at 50°N, 145°W [Cronin et al, 2012] in November 2013 and January-February 2014 ( Figure S2). If the GODAS fluxes were adjusted by this bias, then the residual term involving the heat flux at the base of the mixed layer would be less negative than usual, again consistent with the reduced wind speeds.…”

Section: 1002/2015gl063306mentioning

confidence: 91%

Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific

Bond

Cronin

Freeland

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

938

892

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Strongly positive temperature anomalies developed in the NE Pacific Ocean during the boreal winter of 2013–2014. Based on a mixed layer temperature budget, these anomalies were caused by lower than normal rates of the loss of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere and of relatively weak cold advection in the upper ocean. Both of these mechanisms can be attributed to an unusually strong and persistent weather pattern featuring much higher than normal sea level pressure over the waters of interest. This anomaly was the greatest observed in this region since at least the 1980s. The region of warm sea surface temperature anomalies subsequently expanded and reached coastal waters in spring and summer 2014. Impacts on fisheries and regional weather are discussed. It is found that sea surface temperature anomalies in this region affect air temperatures downwind in Washington state.

show abstract

Section: 1002/2015gl063306mentioning

confidence: 91%

Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific

Bond

Cronin

Freeland

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

938

892

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From September through November the site is influenced by the ITCZ (Figure 1). The NTAS mooring is an air-sea flux site and an Ocean Reference Station (Cronin et al, 2012) within the OceanSITES network 1 maintained by the Upper Ocean Processes Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The in situ data collected at NTAS are not distributed to the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) and withheld from data assimilation into the reanalysis models.…”

Section: In Situ Meteorology and Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Annual Cycle of Air-Sea Fluxes in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic

Bigorre

Plueddemann

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this article we analyze 11 years of near-surface meteorology using observations from an open-ocean surface mooring located in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic (51°W, 15°N). Air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum are derived from these observations using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parameterization. Using this dataset, we compute a climatology of the annual cycle of near-surface meteorological conditions and air-sea fluxes. These in situ data are then compared with three reanalyses: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy [NCEP-DOE (hereafter referred to as NCEP-2)], the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalyses. Products from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) are also used for comparison. We identify the agreements and characterize the discrepancies in the annual cycles of meteorological variables and the different components of air-sea heat fluxes (latent, sensible, shortwave, and longwave radiation). Recomputing the reanalyses fluxes by applying the COARE algorithm to the reanalyses meteorological variables results in better agreement with the in situ fluxes than using the reanalyses fluxes directly. However, the radiative fluxes (longwave and shortwave) from some of the reanalyses show significant discrepancies when compared with the in situ measurements. Longwave radiation from MERRA-2 is biased high (too much oceanic heat loss), and NCEP-2 longwave does not correlate to in situ observations and other reanalyses. Shortwave radiation from NCEP-2 is biased low in winter and does not track the observed variability in summer. The discrepancies in radiative fluxes versus in situ fluxes are explored, and the potential regional implications are discussed using maps of satellite and reanalyses products, including radiation and cloud cover.

show abstract

Energy Flow Diagnosis of ENSO from an Ocean Reanalysis

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method is introduced for diagnosing the time evolution of wave energy associated with ENSO from an ocean reanalysis. In the diagnosis, time changes of kinetic and available potential energy are mainly represented by energy inputs caused by surface wind stress and horizontal energy fluxes for each vertically decomposed normal mode. The resulting time evolutions of the wave energy and vertical thermocline displacements in the 1997–1998 and 2014–2016 El Niño events are consistent with our previous knowledge of these events. Further, our result indicated that representation of several vertical modes is necessary to reproduce the broadly distributed downward thermocline displacements in the central to eastern equatorial Pacific, generated by a westerly wind event in the western equatorial Pacific (e.g., in March 1997), that are preconditioning for El Niño development. In addition, we investigated the wave energy budget, including the influence of data assimilation, on the complicated time evolution of equatorial thermocline displacements caused by repeated westerly and easterly wind events during the 2014–2016 El Niño event. Our result suggests that noise from a momentum imbalance near the equator associated with data assimilation, which possibly affected the El Niño prediction failure in 2014, was much reduced by our developed ocean data assimilation system and reanalysis. This study, which provides a new connection between the theoretical works and reanalysis products that use sophisticated systems for synthesizing OGCMs and observations, should be useful for climate research and operational communities interested in ENSO.

show abstract

Ocean Reference Stations

Cited by 3 publications

References 78 publications

Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific

Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific

The Annual Cycle of Air-Sea Fluxes in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic

Energy Flow Diagnosis of ENSO from an Ocean Reanalysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About