Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants

Shaw, Susan D.

doi:10.1002/9781118148594.ch34

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are considered contaminants of emerging concern as these chemicals are becoming more common in the environment and their levels have been increasing in marine environments and people for over 30 years (USEPA, ; Shaw and Kannan, ). PBDEs are a type of brominated flame retardant incorporated into a number of consumer goods, such as electronics, furnishings and plastics, to reduce the likelihood of fire in these goods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro exposure of DE‐71, a penta‐PBDE mixture, on immune endpoints in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and B6C3F1 mice

Wirth

Peden‐Adams

White

et al. 2014

J of Applied Toxicology

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an emerging contaminant of concern with low level exposures demonstrating toxicity in laboratory animals and wildlife, although immunotoxicity studies have been limited. Bottlenose dolphin peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and mouse splenocytes were exposed to environmentally relevant DE-71 (a penta-PBDE mixture) concentrations (0-50 µg ml(-1) ) in vitro. Natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte (B and T cell) proliferation were evaluated using the parallelogram approach for risk assessment. This study aimed to substantiate results from field studies with dolphins, assess the sensitivities between the mouse model and dolphins, and to evaluate risk using the parallelogram approach. In mouse cells, NK cell activity increased at in vitro doses 0.05, 0.5 and 25 µg DE-71 ml(-1) , whereas proliferation was not modulated. In dolphin cells, NK cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation was not altered after in vitro exposure. In vitro exposure of dolphin PBLs to DE-71 showed similar results to correlative field studies; NK cell activity in mice was more sensitive to in vitro exposure than dolphins, and the parallelogram approach showed correlation with all three endpoints to predict risk in bottlenose dolphins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro exposure of DE‐71, a penta‐PBDE mixture, on immune endpoints in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and B6C3F1 mice

Wirth

Peden‐Adams

White

et al. 2014

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…In spite of the controls in place, they will be present in the environment for an extremely long time and remain a concern. While there are uncertainties regarding the extent to which they pose a threat to human health specifically through consumption of aquatic organisms minimising exposure does remain a priority [13,14]. Unless great care is taken in finding alternative chemicals for use as fire retardants more problem chemicals will appear in the future.…”

Section: Industry and Human Habitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemicals in the water environment. Where do the real and future threats lie?

Fawell

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. There are many potential sources of chemical constituents and contaminants in water that can reach drinking water. Not all substances will be present in any particular water. Some substances may be of benefit to health but others can be a threat. However, very few have been clearly shown to cause adverse health effects in humans through drinking water and evidence may be complicated by simultaneous exposure through food. Our knowledge of contaminants in water is, however, incomplete as additional contaminants emerge with advancing analytical methods. Most of these emerging contaminants are present as a consequence of day to day use by the wider human population and control requires a different approach to the substance by substance regulation prevalent at present.Key words: drinking water, chemicals, pollution, health.Riassunto (Sostanze chimiche nell'ambiente acquatico. Quali sono le minacce attuali e future?). Sono molte le fonti potenziali di costituenti e contaminanti chimici nell'acqua che possono raggiungere le acque potabili. Non tutte le sostanze sono presenti in ogni acqua, alcune possono giovare alla salute ma altre possono rappresentare una minaccia. Tuttavia, solo per un numero limitato di sostanze è stata chiaramente dimostrata una relazione causale per effetti avversi sulla salute associata al consumo di acqua potabile e le evidenze sono rese complicate dalla simultanea esposizione attraverso gli alimenti. La conoscenza dei contaminanti nelle acque è comunque incompleta poiché nuovi contaminanti emergono con lo sviluppo di metodi analitici avanzati. Gran parte di questi contaminanti è presente come conseguenza dell'uso quotidiano da parte di una popolazione crescente e i controlli richiedono un approccio regolatorio diverso da quello attuale basato sulle singole sostanze.Parole chiave: acque potabili, sostanze chimiche, contaminazione, salute.

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Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants

Cited by 2 publications

References 182 publications

In vitro exposure of DE‐71, a penta‐PBDE mixture, on immune endpoints in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and B6C3F1 mice

In vitro exposure of DE‐71, a penta‐PBDE mixture, on immune endpoints in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and B6C3F1 mice

Chemicals in the water environment. Where do the real and future threats lie?

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